Short and long-term effects of sham-controlled prefrontal EEG-neurofeedback training in healthy subjects

The Effect of Beta and Alpha Neurofeedback on Memory: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Clinical Trial

“…Neurofeedback is a useful, noninvasive, and inexpensive treatment for several psychiatric disorders, with recent research investigating applications for enhancement of cognitive ability in nonclinical populations (29)(30)(31). In our study, both neurofeedback training groups showed significant improvement in memory performance of healthy adults.…”

Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback

“…For instance, after undergoing alpha desynchronization neurofeedback, individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder showed a rebound in EEG synchronization 62 , which may be explained by the fact that such individuals present with abnormally decreased alpha power at baseline. However, it is not clear to what extent homeostatic plasticity affects long-term changes in brain activity and behaviour, as evidence exists for such changes after periods of days 63 , months 33,64 and even years after training 65 . Further research may shed light on the interaction between homeostatic and Hebbian forms of plasticity in the context of neurofeedback.…”

The psychology of neurofeedback: Clinical intervention even if applied placebo.

“…EEG-nf alters objective measures in brain activity EEG-nf can alter both electrical (Engelbregt et al, 2016;Kropotov et al, 2005;Strehl, Leins, et al, 200box 16) and hemodynamic Lévesque et al, 2006) The theoretical underpinnings at the core of EEG-nf seem dubious (Beyerstein, 1990;Kline, Brann, & Loney, 2002). Based on research findings correlating clinical conditions with quantitative differences in electrical brain activity, most neurofeedback protocols aim to increase or decrease a select bandwidth of neural oscillations (Thibault et al, 2015).…”