Committed to work but vulnerable: self‐perceptions and mental health in <scp>NEET</scp> 18‐year olds from a contemporary British cohort

Goldman‐Mellor, Sidra; Caspi, Avshalom; Arseneault, Louise; Ajala, Nifemi; Ambler, Antony; Danese, Andrea; Fisher, Helen L.; Hucker, Abigail; Odgers, Candice L.; Williams, Teresa; Wong, Chloe; Moffitt, Terrie E.

doi:10.1111/jcpp.12459

Cited by 111 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…There were no differences between those who did and did not take part at age 18 in socioeconomic status when the cohort was initially defined, or age 5 IQ, internalizing or externalizing problems. 20 Home visits at ages 5, 7, 10, and 12 years included assessments with participants and their mother; home visit at age 18 included interviews only with participants. Each twin was assessed by a different interviewer, and was asked to identify individuals to act as co-informants; 99.3% of participants at age 18 had complete co-informant data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Persistence, Remission, and Emergence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Adulthood

et al. 2016

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Importance ADHD is now recognized to occur in adulthood and is associated with a range of negative outcomes. However, less is known about the prospective course of ADHD into adulthood, the risk factors for its persistence past childhood, and the possibility of its emergence in young adulthood in non-clinical populations. Objective To investigate childhood risk factors and young adult functioning of individuals with persistent, remitted and late-onset ADHD. Design, Setting and Participants The study sample is the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a UK nationally-representative birth cohort of 2,232 twins born in England and Wales in 1994–1995. Main Outcome Measures ADHD diagnoses were assessed in childhood at ages 5, 7, 10, and 12 and in young adulthood at age 18. Childhood predictors included pre/perinatal factors, child clinical characteristics and aspects of the family environment. Age-18 outcomes included ADHD symptoms and associated impairment, overall functioning and other mental health disorders. Results Among individuals with childhood ADHD (n=247), 21.1% met diagnostic criteria for the disorder at age 18. Persistence was associated with higher levels of symptoms and lower IQ in childhood. Persistent individuals had more functional impairment and higher rates of other mental health disorders at age 18 compared to those who remitted. Among individuals with adult ADHD (n=162), 67.9% did not meet criteria for ADHD at any assessment at or prior to age 12. In childhood, individuals with late-onset ADHD showed fewer behavior problems and higher IQ compared to the persistent group; at age 18, they showed comparable ADHD symptoms and impairment and similarly elevated rates of mental health disorders compared to the persistent group. Conclusion and Relevance In this general population cohort, the persistence of ADHD was largely driven by childhood ADHD severity and poorer neuropsychological functioning. Additionally, we identified heterogeneity in the adult ADHD population such that this group consisted of a large late-onset ADHD group with no childhood diagnosis and minimal neuropsychological impairment, and a smaller group with persistent ADHD and associated neuropsychological impairment. Our findings call into question the conceptualization of adult ADHD as a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Persistence, Remission, and Emergence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Adulthood

et al. 2016

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“…A study comparing 696 NEET and non‐NEET young people found that depression—which was elevated in the NEET group—was the mental health problem most strongly associated with being NEET (O'Dea et al, ). Furthermore, pre‐existing factors do not appear to explain increased depression amongst NEETs; in the E‐Risk longitudinal cohort the concurrent SCID‐IV rate of depression remained significantly greater in the NEET group at age 18 years when controlling for prior mental health problems (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder age 5‐12 years, depression, anxiety and substance use age 12, and suicidality age 12‐18), childhood socioeconomic status (age 5‐12) and IQ age 5 (Goldman‐Mellor et al, ). In a cohort of young Mexican people, NEET status aged 12 to 17 years predicted increased risk of new incident mood disorders and suicidality at 19 to 26 years (Gutiérrez‐García, Benjet, Borges, Méndez Ríos, & Medina‐Mora, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Structured activity and multiple group memberships as mechanisms of increased depression amongst young people not in employment, education or training

Berry

Easterbrook

Empson

et al. 2019

Early Intervention Psych

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Aims Young people Not in Employment, Education and Training (NEET) are at increased risk of depression, yet mechanisms of this association are poorly understood. We hypothesised that being NEET has both behavioural and social identity consequences and that reductions in structured activity and multiple group memberships underlie increased depression in this group. Our purpose was to assess first whether depression was greater for NEET compared to non‐NEET young people from the same geographical locality, and secondly, whether a loss of structured activity leading to a reduction in multiple group memberships explains the NEET‐depression association. Methods The present study was a cross‐sectional between‐groups design using convenience sampling. Measures of depression, structured activity and multiple group memberships were obtained from 45 NEET young people and 190 university students (non‐NEET). Results The NEET group reported significantly more depression symptoms compared to the non‐NEET student control group. A path model specifying NEET status as a predictor of depression, with this association mediated by a reduction in structured activity and fewer multiple group memberships (standardised indirect = 0.03, unstandardised indirect = 0.62, P = 0.052, 95% bias corrected confidence intervals [0.21,1.44]), provided excellent fit to our data: χ2(3) = 0.26, P = 0.968, comparative fit index (CFI) = 1.00, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)<0.01, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.01). Conclusions Our findings suggest that depression is elevated amongst NEET young people compared to non‐NEET students from the same locality. The association between NEET status and depression was partially mediated by reduced structured activity and its association with reduced multiple group memberships. Although using cross‐sectional data, our findings suggest social interventions may be a key resource in ameliorating depression amongst NEET young people; through preserving engagement in structured activity and the wellbeing benefits derived from arising multiple group memberships.

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“…One such study found that 19% of youth seeking primary care attention in Australia were not engaged in study or work [37]; these youth were mostly male, had a criminal record, risky cannabis use, greater depressive symptomatology, more advanced mental illness, and poor social skills. In another study NEET youth in Britain had higher rates of mental health problems and substance abuse than non-NEET peers [38]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging adults not in education, employment or training (NEET): socio-demographic characteristics, mental health and reasons for being NEET

et al. 2018

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BackgroundA growing group of emerging adults in many countries around the globe are not incorporated into the education system or the labor market; these have received the label “NEET: not in education, employment nor training”. We describe the mental health and socio-demographic characteristics of emerging adults who are NEET from Mexico City (differentiating between NEET who are homemakers and NEET who are not) compared to their peers who are studying, working or both, in a city in which education and employment opportunities for youth are limited. A secondary objective, because of the often inconsistent inclusion criteria or definitions of NEET, was to evaluate the heterogeneity amongst NEET emerging adults in terms of their perceived reasons for being NEET and to evaluate whether different reasons for being NEET are associated with different mental health characteristics.MethodsThe participants were 1071 emerging adults aged 19 to 26; they were interviewed in person by an interviewer in their homes as part of a follow-up study of the Mexican Adolescent Mental Health Survey. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) assessed psychiatric disorders, substance use and abuse, suicidal behavior and socio-demographic characteristics.ResultsOf the total sample, 15.3% were NEET homemakers, 8.6% NEET non-homemakers, 41.6% worked only, 20.9% studied only and 13.5% worked and studied. Of those who were NEET, 12.6% were NEET by choice. NEET non-homemakers had overall greater odds of substance use, substance use disorders and some suicidal behaviors in comparison with all their peers, whereas NEET homemakers had reduced odds. Those who were NEET because they didn’t know what to do with their life had greater odds of mood, behavioral, and substance disorders, use of all substances and of suicide behaviors compared to those who were NEET by choice.ConclusionsNon-homemaker NEET who lack life goals require targeted mental health intervention. The demographic reality of emerging adults not in education or employment and the varying reasons they give for being NEET are not consistent with how NEET is often conceptualized in terms of a societal problem.

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Committed to work but vulnerable: self‐perceptions and mental health in NEET 18‐year olds from a contemporary British cohort

Cited by 111 publications

References 31 publications

Evaluation of the Persistence, Remission, and Emergence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Adulthood

Evaluation of the Persistence, Remission, and Emergence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Adulthood

Structured activity and multiple group memberships as mechanisms of increased depression amongst young people not in employment, education or training

Emerging adults not in education, employment or training (NEET): socio-demographic characteristics, mental health and reasons for being NEET

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