In VitroDetection of Acaricidal Resistance Status ofRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusagainst Commercial Preparation of Deltamethrin, Flumethrin, and Fipronil from North Gujarat, India

Abstract

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most common tick species in India infesting cattle and buffaloes and causing significant economic losses to dairy and leather industries by adversely affecting the milk production and quality of hides. A study to evaluate the acaricide resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to deltamethrin, flumethrin, and fipronil was conducted on the samples collected from organized and unorganized farms of North Gujarat state, where treatment failures were reported frequently. Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) were conducted using field strain for determination of 50 and 95% lethal concentration of deltamethrin, flumethrin, and fipronil. Results obtained by the Adult Immersion Test showed low grade resistance (level I, RF > 5) has been developed against both deltamethrin and fipronil. However, deltamethrin by performing Larval Packet Test showed moderate grade resistance (level II, RF > 25). Larval packet performed by flumethrin also revealed low grade resistance, level I. The data on field status of acaricide resistance from the area with diversified animal genetic resources will be helpful to adopt suitable strategy to overcome the process of development of resistance in ticks.

Molecular markers for resistance against infectious diseases of economic importance

“…Livestock owners and other stakeholders involved in promoting animal health can draw on a number of approaches to reduce negative effects of these diseases. The application of established methods for disease control, such as the use of antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and the implementation of vaccinations protocols, most commonly had negative consequences by prompting variability among microorganisms and the appearance of drug-resistant strains, further leading to serious animal health-care problems [ 3 - 5 ].…”

Comparative efficacy of commercial preparation of deltamethrin and cypermethrin against Ornithodoros spp. of North Gujarat

“…Ticks are most competent and versatile arthropod vector for transmission of various pathogens in animals as well as humans (Shyma et al 2015). Tick and Tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) are continuously on rise in tropics, posing serious world health problem and a major obstacle for animal health and production (Rajput et al 2006).…”

Comparative in Vitro Study on the Efficacy of Some Commercial Insecticides against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus Ticks

“…These results were in agreement with that of Fernandes, (2001) who treated B. micropilus ticks with 25 and 50 ppm of deltamethrin and found that the mean death rates were 76.3 and 87.5 %, respectively after one day of treatment. However, mortalities of engorged females in the current study began at 4 th day post treatment, Brito et al, (2011) who found that the mean efficacy of the deltamethrin was 67.10±4.70 % when evaluated using AIT for controlling R. microplus and Shyma et al, (2015) who concluded that higher concentration of deltamethrin would be required for causing significant mortality. Although, result in the current study revealed lower efficacy (40%) when double dose of deltamethrin was used (2 ml/l).…”

“…The continued usage of the same compound for controlling certain insect for long period resulted in developing resistance against the used compound. Many publications documented the resistance of hard tick species to Diazinon; Li et al, (2003), Miller et al, (2008), Fernández-Salas et al, (2012 and Alonso-Díaz et al, (2013) and deltamethrin; Brito et al, (2011), Sharma et al, (2012 and Shyma et al, (2015).So, the current trend in the world now is the use of natural products to overcome the drawbacks of currently used chemicals. In the last decades, plant extracts were widely used against phytophagus pests and mosquitoes (Balandrin et al, 1995).…”