“…Cross-sectional neuroimaging studies have also recently revealed that children and adolescents suffering from FASD exhibit abnormalities in the thickness of different regions of the cerebral cortex, as compared to healthy controls (Robertson et al, 2016; Sowell et al, 2008; Yang, Roussotte, et al, 2012). While several observations have been made regarding the fundamental hindrance of alcohol on cortical development, e.g., apoptosis (Lebedeva et al, 2015), deficiency of neurotrophic factors, prevention of cell migration (Aronne, Guadagnoli, Fontanet, Evrard, & Brusco, 2011; Chikhladze, Ramishvili, Tsagareli, & Kikalishvili, 2011; Riar, Narasimhan, Rathinam, Henderson, & Mahimainathan, 2016), and abnormal somatic morphologies of cortical neurons (Chikhladze et al, 2011; Lawrence, Otero, & Kelly, 2012), the mechanism underlying the structural abnormality systemically occurring in relationship to alcohol exposure is not clear.…”