Dynamic and structural correlations in nanocomposites of silica with modified surface and carboxylated nitrile rubber

Sala, Renata L.; Xavier, Tatielih Pardim Oliveira; Venâncio, Tiago; Arantes, Tatiane M.; Paranhos, Caio Márcio; Camargo, Emerson R.

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.028

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…A thermo-mechanical model was developed to illustrate the hyper-elastic response of filled rubbers over a wide range of temperatures. In addition, the prediction ability of this proposed constitutive model is verified by comparison with test data issued from the mechanical experiments [18][19]. In recent time's halloysite nanotubes, a naturally occurring aluminosilicate has been used as potential nano reinforcement for elastomers such as natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber and nitrile rubber to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites [20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

RETRACTED: Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Black-Halloysite Nanotube Hybrid Composites Using XRD and SEM

Nallusamy

2017

JNanoR

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Composite materials are the leading emerging materials over the past twenty years since its introduction. Among the natural composites, carbon black-halloysite nanotubes hybrid composite is one of the recent emerging sector in the composite field, because of its high strength with less density as compared to the metal matrix composite. In this research carbon black-halloysite nanotubes hybrid composites based on synthetic rubber copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene were prepared and tested. The carbon black loading was kept fixed at sixty per hour and halloysite nanotube loading was varied from zero to ten parts per hundred rubbers per hour. The effect of carbon black-halloysite nanotube hybrid fillers on the curing behaviour, mechanical properties and morphology of the high nitrile rubber nanocomposites were investigated. The cure characteristics showed that the scorch time and cure time increased with the halloysite nanotube loading. The maximum torque exhibited an increasing trend from zero to six per hour. The tensile properties which exhibited an increasing trend until an optimum loading of six per hour were mainly influenced by the high nitrile rubber-carbon black-halloysite nanotube interaction and the intercalation of rubber and carbon black into the tubules. X-ray diffraction test and scanning electron microscope studies were supported to the results obtained.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

RETRACTED: Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Black-Halloysite Nanotube Hybrid Composites Using XRD and SEM

Nallusamy

2017

JNanoR

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“…Due to the weakness of rubber matrix in the mechanical properties and abrasion resistance, rubber composites consisting of a nanoscale reinforcing filler have drawn tremendous interest during the last few decades. [1][2][3][4][5] Among these nanofillers, carbon black 6 and silica 2,4 are the most popular fillers in the rubber industry because of their good reinforcing effect. However, scientists have reached a consensus that the manufacture of carbon black or silica has resulted in excessive consumption of non-renewable petroleum and natural gas, which has a considerable carbon footprint and raises environmental problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A feasible way to modify microcrystalline cellulose powder and its reinforcing effect for NBR composites

Yang,

Che,

Chen

et al. 2024

Polymer Composites

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It has attracted tremendous attention for replacing petroleum‐based carbon black or mineral fillers with renewable, biology‐based and low‐cost cellulose. However, the reinforcing effect of cellulose, especially at the microscale, is still a great challenge in the polymer industry. In this work, a feasible surface modification method for microcrystalline cellulose powder (MCC) in all solid states is proposed by using rubber accelerators N‐cyclohexyl benzothiazole‐2‐sulphenamidee (CBS) and 2,2′‐dibenzothiazoledisulfide (DM). These accelerators not only accelerate the sulfur crosslink of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), but also graft to rubber molecular chains and form hydrogen bonds with MCC, resulting in good interfacial interaction and good dispersion of MCC in the NBR matrix. As a consequence, the tensile strength and elongation at break of NBR/10MCC reach up to 20.12 MPa and 511%, respectively, which are the highest values of NBR/MCC or cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) composites we can find in the world and are comparable to those of carbon black or mineral fillers. This provides a more effective and environmentally friendly way of using MCC or CNCs in the polymer industry.Highlights Microcrystalline cellulose powder can reinforce NBR. Hydrogen bonds have been established between accelerators and MCC. The tensile strength of NBR/10MCC composite reaches 20 MPa. The reinforcing mechanism is ascribed to the immobilized rubber layer.

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“…A survey of literature on ionomers reveals that a majority of the studies have focused on poly(ethylene- co -methacrylic acid) ,,,, and sulfonated polystyrene and a few studies on ionomers derived from polyurethanes, PDMS, and other telechelic rubber chains. , In this context, carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) is a widely used random ionomeric elastomer, which by virtue of its unique chemistry, can be cross-linked by covalent (sulfur and peroxides) as well as ionic cross-links (metal oxides such as ZnO, MgO, CaO, CuSO 4 , etc. ). − A large number of studies on the effect of additives and curatives on the structure–property correlations of XNBR have been reported in the past 2 decades. − We summarize some of the salient findings on the microstructure and morphology of unfilled XNBR cross-linked ionically, covalently or by a mixed system of curatives. Basu et al investigated the phase morphology of a dually cross-linked XNBR with a combination of S (1 phr) and ionic curatives of layered double hydroxide, ZnCl 2 and ZnO .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Coordination Environment and Unusual Self-Assembly of Ionic Aggregates in a Model Ionomeric Elastomer: Effect of Curative Systems

et al. 2022

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Morphology of random ionomers has been a topic of fundamental research interest for decades. However, structural underpinning and hence modulation of the ionic phase morphology in this special class of polymers still remains challenging and topical. In the present work, we investigate the local structure and morphology of the ionic aggregates of carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) cross-linked ionically (I-X series) by a mixed system of covalent and ionic curatives (M-X series) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and small-angle Xray scattering (SAXS) techniques. FTIR investigations revealed that curatives induced significantly disparate and heterogeneous nature of the ionic and coordination complexes of the XNBR vulcanizates, when cured with varied contents of ZnO and combination of sulfur and ZnO. Besides the formation of zinc carboxylate ionic phase, in both modes of crosslinking, the nitrile group of XNBR was found to be coordinated with ZnO, which has not been hitherto addressed in the literature. The critical role of stearic acid (SA) as a processing aid or organic activator, in facilitation of ionic and coordination complex formation in XNBR vulcanizates in different modes of crosslinking, has been identified and delineated. SAXS studies revealed a single characteristic ionic peak at a scattering vector (q = 4π/λ sinθ/2) value of 2.0−2.1 nm −1 for I-X series and M-X series of networks prepared without SA. In striking contrast, the networks prepared with SA showed higher order reflections with four well-resolved ionic peaks at relative q positions of 1:1.440 ± 0.024:2.00 ± 0.01:3.006 ± 0.036 for I-X series and 1:1.376 ± 0.007:2.010 ± 0.001:3.00 ± 0.02 for M-X series, implying that the ionic aggregates self-assemble into a lamellar morphology, albeit with some deviations. The sharp upturn in I(q) at low q values of the networks could be fitted to a power law dependence, I(q) = q −d , with the d values assuming either mass fractal (d = 2.5 to 3) or surface fractal (d = 3.5 to 4.0) dimensions, depending on the mode of crosslinking. The SAXS and FTIR results establish that the ionic phase morphology of XNBR vulcanizates is not consistent with that of conventional random ionomers and comprise both ordered structures as well as heterogeneous mixture of ionic and coordinated complexes which are evidently of fractal constructs. We posit that these findings will provide new insights in establishing the structure−property correlations of ionomeric elastomers.

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Dynamic and structural correlations in nanocomposites of silica with modified surface and carboxylated nitrile rubber

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

RETRACTED: Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Black-Halloysite Nanotube Hybrid Composites Using XRD and SEM

RETRACTED: Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Black-Halloysite Nanotube Hybrid Composites Using XRD and SEM

A feasible way to modify microcrystalline cellulose powder and its reinforcing effect for NBR composites

Heterogeneous Coordination Environment and Unusual Self-Assembly of Ionic Aggregates in a Model Ionomeric Elastomer: Effect of Curative Systems

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