The negative impact of antibiotic resistance

Abstract

Antibacterial therapy is one of the most important medical developments of the twentieth century; however, the spread of resistance in healthcare settings and in the community threatens the enormous gains made by the availability of antibiotic therapy. Infections caused by resistant bacteria lead to up to two-fold higher rates of adverse outcomes compared with similar infections caused by susceptible strains. These adverse outcomes may be clinical or economic and reflect primarily the failure or delay of antibiotic treatment. The magnitude of these adverse outcomes will be more pronounced as disease severity, strain virulence, or host vulnerability increases. The negative impacts of antibacterial resistance can be measured at the patient level by increased morbidity and mortality, at the healthcare level by increased resource utilization, higher costs and reduced hospital activity and at the society level by antibiotic treatment guidelines favouring increasingly broad-spectrum empiric therapy. In this review we will discuss the negative impact of antibiotic resistance on patients, the healthcare system and society.

E. coli Bacteriostatic Action Using TiO2 Photocatalytic Reactions

“…The phenomenon is attributable to the drawbacks inherent in the existing technologies, including the implementation challenge, the high operation and maintenance costs, and the carcinogenic effects [1][2][3]. Moreover, the long-term use of antibiotics could cause the bacteria to become antibiotic-resistant and render the drugs less effective in controlling the spread of diseases [4,5].…”

Surveillance of Omadacycline Activity against Clinical Isolates from a Global Collection (North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia-Western Pacific), 2010-2011

“…Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem worldwide (18). Active surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship efforts are essential for combating this threat to patient safety across all health care settings (3,19).…”

Conjugative transmission of antibiotic-resistance from stream waterEscherichia colias related to number of sulfamethoxazole but not class 1 and 2 integrase genes

“…1 Direct adverse outcomes include an increasing rate of morbidity and mortality, incremental utilization of hospital-related resources and costs, and reduced hospital activities due to unit closures and surgery cancellations. 2 The economic impact of ARB is estimated to exceed $55 billion, comprising of $20 billion in medical and $35 billion in societal costs per year in the US alone. 3,4 The spread of ARB is associated with mobile genetic elements, including plasmids.…”