Green Chemistry Approach for Synthesis of Effective Anticancer Palladium Nanoparticles

Abstract

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to design and synthesize Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using an environmentally friendly approach and evaluate the in vitro efficacy of PdNPs in human ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was used to monitor the conversion of Pd(II) ions to Pd(0)NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystallinity of the as-synthesized PdNPs and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) further confirmed the role of the leaf extract of Evolvulus alsinoides as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of PdNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the average size of the NPs was 5 nm. After a 24-h exposure to PdNPs, cell viability and light microscopy assays revealed the dose-dependent toxicity of the PdNPs. Furthermore, the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the PdNPs was confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of PdNPs-induced autophagy, impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), enhanced caspase-3 activity, and detection of TUNEL-positive cells. Our study demonstrates a single, simple, dependable and green approach for the synthesis of PdNPs using leaf extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides. Furthermore, the in vitro efficacy of PdNPs in human ovarian cancer cells suggests that it could be an effective therapeutic agent for cancer therapy.

Green synthesis palladium nanoparticles mediated by white tea (<em>Camellia sinensis</em>) extract with antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities toward the human leukemia (MOLT-4) cell line

“…It is proposed that the high cytotoxicity of Pd@W.tea NPs to the cancer cell line is due to the presence of Pd, which interacts physicochemically with the functional groups of cellular proteins, nitrogen bases, and phosphate groups of the DNA, 36 thus causing cell death. Moreover, previous studies showed that Pd causes production of free radical, 37 lactate dehydrogenase leakage, 15 and cell-cycle disturbances 38 that could be among mechanisms of the anticancer effects of Pd@W.tea NPs.…”

“…12,14 Plant-derived PdNPs seem to have potential for application in cancer therapy because these compounds are also toxic to cancer cells. 15,16 In this study, we demonstrated a simple one-step green process to synthesize PdNPs using Camellia sinensis (white tea [W.tea]) extract from unfermented young tea leaves or unopened buds. 17 The white tea extract has been used as an efficient reducing and capping agent.…”

Combination of palladium nanoparticles and tubastatin-A potentiates apoptosis in human breast cancer cells: a novel therapeutic approach for cancer

“…21 In a typical experiment, the reaction mixture was prepared by suspending 10 mL of RPE (4 μM) in 10 mL of sterile distilled water and this was mixed well for 5 min and then added to 90 mL of 1 mM PdCl 2 solution in a 250 mL round bottom flask, which was mounted with a cooling condenser and a magnetic stir bar. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at 60°C with constant stirring.…”

“…21 Spectra of the synthesized PdNPs were recorded using a ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometer from 300 nm to 600 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed using a Bruker D8 Discover X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS GmBH, Karlsruhe, Germany).…”

“…19 Recently, several inorganic NPs, including silver, palladium (Pd), and gold, have been used as anticancer agents in various types of cancer cells. [20][21][22] Generally, studies that applied palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were mainly interested in hydrogen storage and sensing, 23 catalysis, 24 hydrogenation, 25 oxidation, 26 carbon-carbon bond formation, 27 and fuel cells, 28 but not cancer. Studies on the anticancer effects of PdNPs are very limited, and so far, there has been no report about the combinatorial effect of TUB-A and PdNPs on human breast cancer cells.…”