Resistant starch and protein intake enhances fat oxidation and feelings of fullness in lean and overweight/obese women

Abstract

BackgroundDiets high in either resistant starch or protein have been shown to aid in weight management. We examined the effects of meals high in non-resistant or resistant starch with and without elevated protein intake on substrate utilization, energy expenditure, and satiety in lean and overweight/obese women.MethodsWomen of varying levels of adiposity consumed one of four pancake test meals in a single-blind, randomized crossover design: 1) waxy maize (control) starch (WMS); 2) waxy maize starch and whey protein (WMS+WP); 3) resistant starch (RS); or 4) RS and whey protein (RS+WP).ResultsTotal post-prandial energy expenditure did not differ following any of the four test meals (WMS = 197.9 ± 8.9; WMS+WP = 188 ± 8.1; RS = 191.9 ± 8.9; RS+WP = 195.8 ± 8.7, kcals/180 min), although the combination of RS+WP, but not either intervention alone, significantly increased (P <0.01) fat oxidation (WMS = 89.5 ± 5.4; WMS+WP = 84.5 ± 7.2; RS = 97.4 ± 5.4; RS+WP = 107.8 ± 5.4, kcals/180 min). Measures of fullness increased (125 % vs. 45 %) and hunger decreased (55 % vs. 16 %) following WP supplemented versus non-whey conditions (WMS+WP, RS+WP vs. WMS, RS), whereas circulating hunger and satiety factors were not different among any of the test meals. However, peptide YY (PYY) was significantly elevated at 180 min following RS+WP meal.ConclusionsThe combined consumption of dietary resistant starch and protein increases fat oxidation, PYY, and enhances feelings of satiety and fullness to levels that may be clinically relevant if maintained under chronic conditions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02418429.

Health effects of resistant starch

“…; Gentile et al . ; Nilsson et al . ), others reporting no effect on subsequent energy intake compared with a control (Stewart et al .…”

“…Reported short-term effects of RS on satiety-related outcomes have been mixed, with some studies indicating positive effects (i.e. increased satiety scores, reduced hunger and/or reduced energy intake; Quilez et al 2007;Nilsson et al 2008Nilsson et al , 2013Anderson et al 2010;Bodinham et al 2010;Johnston et al 2010;Rosen et al 2011;Chiu & Stewart 2013;Harrold et al 2014;Sandberg et al 2016), some reporting no effect of RS on self-reported appetite compared with a control (Nilsson et al 2008;Stewart et al 2010;Karalus et al 2012;Klosterbuer et al 2012;Ekstrom et al 2013;Garc ıa-Rodr ıguez et al 2013;Bracken et al 2014;Gentile et al 2015;Nilsson et al 2015), others reporting no effect on subsequent energy intake compared with a control (Stewart et al 2010;Klosterbuer et al 2012;Karalus et al 2012) and, in one study, lower energy intake (~322 kcal over 24 hours) after RS consumption, but no effect on appetite scores (Bodinham et al 2010). Very small differences in RS content between intervention and control foods (around 1 g or less) may provide an explanation for the null findings in some of the satiety studies (Keogh et al 2006;Ames et al 2015).…”

“…Most human studies have found either no effect of RS on postprandial energy expenditure (Howe et al 1996;Keogh et al 2006;Sands et al 2009) or a reduction (Tagliabue et al 1995), although the study durations may have been too short to capture any longer-term effects following gut fermentation. There has been evidence of increased fat oxidation in humans after the consumption of RS-enriched foods compared with digestible carbohydrates (Tagliabue et al 1995;Higgins et al 2004;Gentile et al 2015).…”

Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance

“…All dietary analyses were performed by the same technician. Visual analog scales (VAS) were administered at weeks 0, 12 and 64 to evaluate the effects of the lifestyle interventions on hunger, satiation, and desire-to-eat [22]. Briefly, participants were instructed, using a pen and paper, to mark their levels of hunger, satiety, and desire-to-eat on a 100 mm line that was anchored at either end with “0” (none) to “100” (extreme).…”

Analog Rice Reduces Weight and Total Cholesterol Levels in Overweight and Hypercholesterolemic Rats

“…Food rich in fiber can reduce body weight and total cholesterol levels (2), while RS is starch, and its degradation products cannot be absorbed in the small intestine (10). High RS levels in the diet can increase fatty acid oxidation, and trigger satiety, so consumption of a diet rich in RS can be used to treat obesity (11).…”