Differential encoding of spatial information among retinal on cone bipolar cells

Purgert, Robert; Lukasiewicz, Peter D.

doi:10.1152/jn.00287.2015

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…The decorrelating surround effects are likely due to AC mediated inhibition in the inner retina, rather than horizontal cell (HC) mediated inhibition in the outer retina: First, mouse HCs (Peichl and González-Soriano, 1994) have little effect on BC (Purgert and Lukasiewicz, 2015) and RGC function (Cook and McReynolds, 1998;Taylor, 1999;Ichinose and Lukasiewicz, 2005). Second, we found that the GABAergic BC surround was gated by glycinergic signals (Fig.…”

Section: The Origin Of Bc Functional Diversitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Balanced excitation and inhibition decorrelates visual feature representation in the mammalian inner retina

Franke

Berens

Schubert

et al. 2016

Preprint

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The retina extracts visual features for transmission to the brain. Different types of bipolar cell split the photoreceptor input into parallel channels and provide the excitatory drive for downstream visual circuits. Anatomically, mouse bipolar cell types have been described down to the ultrastructural level, but a similarly deep understanding of their functional diversity is lacking. By imaging light-driven glutamate release from more than 11,000 bipolar cell axon terminals in the intact retina, we here show that bipolar cell functional diversity is generated by the balanced interplay of dendritic excitatory inputs and axonal inhibitory inputs. The resultant centre and surround components of bipolar cell receptive fields interact to decorrelate bipolar cell output in the spatial and temporal domain. Our findings highlight the importance of inhibitory circuits in generating functionally diverse excitatory pathways and suggest that decorrelation of parallel visual pathways begins already at the second synapse of the mouse visual system.

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Section: The Origin Of Bc Functional Diversitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Balanced excitation and inhibition decorrelates visual feature representation in the mammalian inner retina

Franke

Berens

Schubert

et al. 2016

Preprint

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“…It is proposed that all the retinal photoreceptors are merged via various retinal layers, i.e. the inner and outer plexiform layers, and other neural cells such as the amacrine cells [44][45][46][47][48]. We see the magnified representation of the initial image from close proximity, not unlike seeing images through a microscope or pair of binoculars.…”

Section: A Proposed Theory Of the Formation Of The 3d Default Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Meditation Experiences, Self, and Boundaries of Consciousness

Jerath¹,

Cearley²,

Barnes³

et al. 2016

IJCAM

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Our experiences with the external world are possible mainly through vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell providing us a sense of reality. How the brain is able to seamlessly integrate stimuli from our external and internal world into our sense of reality has yet to be adequately explained in the literature. We have previously proposed a three-dimensional unified model of consciousness that partly explains the dynamic mechanism. Here we further expand our model and include illustrations to provide a better conception of the ill-defined space within the self, providing insight into a unified mind-body concept. In this article, we propose that our senses "super-impose" on an existing dynamic space within us after a slight, imperceptible delay. The existing space includes the entire intrapersonal space and can also be called the "the body's internal 3D default space". We provide examples from meditation experiences to help explain how the sense of 'self ' can be experienced through meditation practice associated with underlying physiological processes that take place through cardio-respiratory synchronization and coherence that is developed among areas of the brain. Meditation practice can help keep the body in a parasympathetic dominant state during meditation, allowing an experience of inner 'self '. Understanding this physical and functional space could help unlock the mysteries of the function of memory and cognition, allowing clinicians to better recognize and treat disorders of the mind by recommending proven techniques to reduce stress as an adjunct to medication treatment. allows us to experience an internal representation of the external environment. In the following sections we discuss the purpose of brain oscillations in consciousness, and further explain the formation of our previously proposed 3D default space theory, see [11]. Brain oscillations and the 3d default spaceWe consider brain oscillations dynamic because sensory and cortical information is organized around the thalamus which allows us to experience the external world. Alpha, gamma, retinogeniculo-cortical, and corticothalamic oscillations are essential in forming the 3D default space because they allow constant and continuous communication between the brain and the body-without them, we do not think that consciousness can emerge.Alpha oscillations vibrate at 8-14 Hz, strongly influencing brain activity [12,13] It is through these fast alpha and gamma oscillations that we suggest an 'internal' neural space is formed, providing an infrastructure for visual consciousness. Neuronal synchronization with the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) through oscillations at 60-120 Hz is indicated by oscillatory activity in the retina, LGN, and cortex [21,22], which allows the brain and retina to receive and process visual stimuli as one organ. These retinogeniculocortical oscillations assist in the formation of the dynamic template that reduces external space into our internal world space we call the 3D default space. These fast oscillations an...

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“…Parallel processing of color and luminance make this possible. Furthermore, the spatial encoding properties of the ON-cone bipolar cells is determined by information received from amacrine cells [7]. AII amacrine cells are fundamental in the primary rod pathway because rod bipolar cells use AII amacrine cells to send information to ON-and OFF-cone bipolar cells [24,25].…”

Section: Due Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The retina is the area in the back of the eye that contains light sensitive neurons, and is the first stage of processing visual information and sending it to the brain [5][6][7]. Within the retina are five types of neurons: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells [5].…”

Section: Introduction To the Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

How lateral inhibition and fast retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations create vision: A new hypothesis

Jerath¹,

Cearley²,

Barnes

et al. 2016

Medical Hypotheses

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a b s t r a c tThe role of the physiological processes involved in human vision escapes clarification in current literature. Many unanswered questions about vision include: 1) whether there is more to lateral inhibition than previously proposed, 2) the role of the discs in rods and cones, 3) how inverted images on the retina are converted to erect images for visual perception, 4) what portion of the image formed on the retina is actually processed in the brain, 5) the reason we have an after-image with antagonistic colors, and 6) how we remember space. This theoretical article attempts to clarify some of the physiological processes involved with human vision. The global integration of visual information is conceptual; therefore, we include illustrations to present our theory. Universally, the eyeball is 2.4 cm and works together with membrane potential, correspondingly representing the retinal layers, photoreceptors, and cortex. Images formed within the photoreceptors must first be converted into chemical signals on the photoreceptors' individual discs and the signals at each disc are transduced from light photons into electrical signals. We contend that the discs code the electrical signals into accurate distances and are shown in our figures. The pre-existing oscillations among the various cortices including the striate and parietal cortex, and the retina work in unison to create an infrastructure of visual space that functionally ''places" the objects within this ''neural" space. The horizontal layers integrate all discs accurately to create a retina that is pre-coded for distance. Our theory suggests image inversion never takes place on the retina, but rather images fall onto the retina as compressed and coiled, then amplified through lateral inhibition through intensification and amplification on the OFF-center cones. The intensified and amplified images are decompressed and expanded in the brain, which become the images we perceive as external vision. Summary: This is a theoretical article presenting a novel hypothesis about the physiological processes in vision, and expounds upon the visual aspect of two of our previously published articles, ''A unified 3D default space consciousness model combining neurological and physiological processes that underlie conscious experience", and ''Functional representation of vision within the mind: A visual consciousness model based in 3D default space." Currently, neuroscience teaches that visual images are initially inverted on the retina, processed in the brain, and then conscious perception of vision happens in the visual cortex. Here, we propose that inversion of visual images never takes place because images enter the retina as coiled and compressed graded potentials that are intensified and amplified in OFF-center photoreceptors. Once they reach the brain, they are decompressed and expanded to the original size of the image, which is perceived by the brain as the external image. We adduce that pre-existing oscillations (alpha, beta, and gamma) among the various c...

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Differential encoding of spatial information among retinal on cone bipolar cells

Cited by 11 publications

References 109 publications

Balanced excitation and inhibition decorrelates visual feature representation in the mammalian inner retina

Balanced excitation and inhibition decorrelates visual feature representation in the mammalian inner retina

Meditation Experiences, Self, and Boundaries of Consciousness

How lateral inhibition and fast retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations create vision: A new hypothesis

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