“…The degree of inflammatory response is linked to pace-of-life characteristics at both the species and individual level (Sears, Rohr, Allen, & Martin, 2011), and behavioural traits associated with pace-of-life characteristics include dispersal, activity levels, sociability, exploratory behaviour, boldness, aggressiveness and parental care (R eale et al, 2010). Other behaviours that change following immune system activation, and thus may be important for evolved dependence studies, include activity, depression-like behaviour, memory and feeding behaviour (McCusker & Kelley, 2013;Williamson et al, 2016). For example, a recent study found that adult rats, Rattus norvegicus, whose mothers were infected by tapeworms, Hymenolepis diminuta, and who were themselves infected by tapeworms and Escherichia coli as pups performed better in a memory task than uninfected rats following an immune system challenge (Williamson et al, 2016).…”