“…Gröndahl, 1989;Hamner & Jenssen, 1974;Liu, Lo, Purcell, & Chang, 2009). Although the development of medusa populations is directly linked to survival rates of several precedent life stages, that is, planula larvae, polyps and ephyrae (Lucas, 2001), information on the demographic rates of bloom-forming jellyfish has remained scarce (Xie, Fan, Wang, & Chen, 2015). Quantifying demographic rates of all stages in the life cycle of species showing mass occurrence is thus fundamental to identifying the environmental variables causing changes in population dynamics and structure.…”