25C-NBOMe Ingestion

Zygowiec, Jonathan; Solomon, Spencer; Jaworski, Anthony; Bloome, Michael; Gotlib, Ari

doi:10.5811/cpcem.2017.5.33994

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Zygowiec et al have described a case of a 27-year-old male with confirmed ingestion of a psychoactive substance. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) detected 25C-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe and 25B-NBOMe in blood samples with concentrations above the 0.50 ng/mL reporting limits [25]. Rajotte et al have described toxicological analyses including 25C-NBOMe in a drug-impaired driver.…”

Section: Applied Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

25C-NBOMe short characterisation

2020

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Purpose N-Methoxybenzyls, a group of toxic phenylethylamine derivatives of the 2C family compounds, are a new class of potent serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor agonist hallucinogens with potential harmful effects. This study summarizes current state of knowledge of one of the most dangerous representative of this group-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-chlorophenethylamine (25C-NBOMe). Due to hallucinogenic properties similar to those observe after lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) usage (altered thoughts, feelings, and awareness of one's surroundings), this compound is very attractive to hallucinogenic substances users. Methods An exhaustive literature search was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar and other biomedical data bases without limiting period, to identify relevant articles. Results Despite frequent recreational use, knowledge about the 25C-NBOMe action and toxic and fatal consequences is still very limited. Most data on this drug come from clinical reports, from cases of acute fatal and non-fatal intoxications. Some animal and in vitro studies indicated a route of metabolism of the drug in the body. The drug and its metabolites were also detected in human blood and urine using combinations of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection. Conclusions Overall, findings show that 25C-NBOMe is a powerful hallucinogen. Easy online availability, low prize and the lack of knowledge of 25C-NBOMe makes this substance potentially very dangerous to its users. Thus, further investigation on the mechanism of action, chemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties is needed to evaluate 25C-NBOMe potential harmful effects.

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Section: Applied Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

25C-NBOMe short characterisation

2020

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“…NBOMes produce an array of adverse effects (Hill et al, 2013;Rose et al, 2013;Bersani et al, 2014;EMCDDA, 2014;Forrester, 2014;Grautoff and Kähler, 2014;Lawn et al, 2014;Stellpflug et al, 2014;Suzuki et al, 2014;Tang et al, 2014;World Health Organization, 2014a,b;Hieger et al, 2015;Nikolaou et al, 2015;Poklis et al, 2015b;Srisuma et al, 2015;Wood et al, 2015;Gee et al, 2016;Kristofic et al, 2016;Hermanns-Clausen et al, 2017;Humston et al, 2017;Madsen et al, 2017;Rajotte et al, 2017;Schetz et al, 2017;Wiergowski et al, 2017;Zygowiec et al, 2017;Marchi et al, 2019;Erowid.org); for comprehensive reviews see Suzuki et al, 2015;Halberstadt, 2017).…”

Section: Effects Related To Use Of Nbomesunclassified

NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD

2020

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Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C family of phenethylamine drugs, originally synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, that contain a N-(2-methoxy)benzyl substituent. The most frequently reported drugs from this group are 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe. NBOMe compounds are ultrapotent and highly efficacious agonists of serotonin 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors (Ki values in low nanomolar range) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT 2A compared with 5-HT 1A. They display higher affinity for 5-HT 2A receptors than their 2C counterparts and have markedly lower affinity, potency, and efficacy at the 5-HT 2B receptor compared to 5-HT 2A or 5-HT 2C. The drugs are sold as blotter papers, or in powder, liquid, or tablet form, and they are administered sublingually/buccally, intravenously, via nasal insufflations, or by smoking. Since their introduction in the early 2010s, numerous reports have been published on clinical intoxications and fatalities resulting from the consumption of NBOMe compounds. Commonly observed adverse effects include visual and auditory hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, panic and fear, agitation, uncontrollable violent behavior, seizures, excited delirium, and sympathomimetic signs such mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis. Rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and multiorgan failure were also reported. This survey provides an updated overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, metabolism, and desired effects associated with NBOMe use. Special emphasis is given to cases of nonfatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds. As the analysis of NBOMes in biological materials can be challenging even for laboratories applying modern sensitive techniques, this paper also presents the analytical methods most commonly used for detection and identification of NBOMes and their metabolites.

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“…The psychiatrist recommended that he be transferred to an addiction center. The patient, however, refused and requested to be discharged from hospital 48 h after admission (69).…”

Section: The 2c Family Of Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacotherapy of Patients Taking New Psychoactive Substances: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Case Reports

et al. 2021

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Background: In recent years, an increase in the frequency of hospitalizations of patients taking newer and newer psychoactive substances has been observed around the world. Each year, authors publish case reports of patients who consumed previously unknown NPS. Most publications of this type concern the period between 2014 and 2016. However, no publication systematically reviews the pharmacotherapy used in these cases. This study aims to review the case reports of patients taking NPS published between 2010 and 2019, as well as analyzing the pharmacotherapy used.Methods: We searched the Thomson (Web of Knowledge), PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The search was performed using all possible combinations of the term “case report” describing the use of NPS, also referred to as designer medications, internet medications, research chemicals and herbal highs.Results: We analyzed 51 case reports on the intake of various types of NPS. Most of them (p < 0.001) concerned the use of synthetic cannabinoids (41.2%) and cathinones (31.4%). The pharmacotherapy applied primarily (p < 0.001) consisted of administering benzodiazepines to patients (62.7%), most of whom took only this group of medications (25.5%), followed by groups receiving benzodiazepines combined with neuroleptics (15.7%) and muscle relaxants (11.8%). Opioids were administered primarily to patients taking synthetic opioids (p < 0.001). Of the 5 cases of deaths from NPS reported in the literature, three relate specifically to the synthetic opioid MT-45. The later the time period, the more medications patients were administered (p = 0.02).Conclusion: In the pharmacotherapy for NPS poisoning, one should focus primarily on combating psychomotor agitation.

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25C-NBOMe Ingestion

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

25C-NBOMe short characterisation

25C-NBOMe short characterisation

NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD

Pharmacotherapy of Patients Taking New Psychoactive Substances: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Case Reports

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