A bovine respiratory syncytial virus model with high clinical expression in calves with specific passive immunity

Blodörn, Krister; Hägglund, Sara; Gavier‐Widén, Dolores; Eléouët, Jean François; Riffault, Sabine; Pringle, John; Taylor, Geraldine; Valarcher, J. F.

doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0389-6

Cited by 33 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Besides the biological characteristics of IDV, mild pathogenicity may also be due to experimental conditions, including the virus, the dose, and the route of inoculation. We used a high quantity of virus to infect animals (10 7 50% tissue culture infective doses [TCID 50 ] per calf) and a nebulization method which was previously shown to be very efficacious for BRSV experimental infection in calves (28). On the other hand, our IDV inoculum was produced on cells from human (HRT18G) and swine (ST) origins with 4 passages, which might have attenuated the virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rule consisted of handling the three aerosol-sentinel contact calves first, and then personal protective equipment was completely changed before manipulating direct-inoculated calves. The eight direct-inoculated calves were infected at day 0 (D0) with 10 7 TCID 50 (10 ml in Opti-MEM) of D/bovine/France/5920/2014 by aerosol inhalation using a compressor connected to a mask covering the nostrils and mouth as previously described (28). Calves of the control group received ST cell supernatant (10 ml in Opti-MEM).…”

Section: Cells and Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IDV loads in NS and BALS were expressed as the daily mean. In addition, individual accumulated viral shedding (AVS) in nasal secretions was calculated for each calf as the area under the curve of IDV titers using the trapezoid method (GraphPad Prism 7.0; La Jolla, USA) as previously described (28). To compare the inoculum virus, D/bovine/France/ 5920/2014, and virus from NS from infected calves, HEF genes were amplified and sequenced as previously described (16).…”

Section: Cells and Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis, Host Innate Immune Response, and Aerosol Transmission of Influenza D Virus in Cattle

Salem

Hägglund

Cassard

et al. 2019

J Virol

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The recently discovered influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has been detected in swine and ruminants with a worldwide distribution. Cattle are considered to be the primary host and reservoir, and previous studies suggested a tropism of IDV for the upper respiratory tract and a putative role in the bovine respiratory disease complex. This study aimed to characterize the pathogenicity of IDV in naive calves as well as the ability of this virus to transmit by air. Eight naive calves were infected by aerosol with a recent French isolate, D/bovine/France/5920/2014. Results show that IDV replicates not only in the upper respiratory tract but also in the lower respiratory tract (LRT), inducing moderate bronchopneumonia with restricted lesions of interstitial pneumonia. Inoculation was followed by IDV-specific IgG1 production as early as 10 days postchallenge and likely both Th1 and Th2 responses. Study of the innate immune response in the LRT of IDV-infected calves indicated the overexpression of pathogen recognition receptors and of chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, but without overexpression of genes involved in the type I interferon pathway. Finally, virological examination of three aerosol-sentinel animals, housed 3 m apart from inoculated calves (and thus subject to infection by aerosol transmission), and IDV detection in air samples collected in different areas showed that IDV can be airborne transmitted and infect naive contact calves on short distances. This study suggests that IDV is a respiratory virus with moderate pathogenicity and probably a high level of transmission. It consequently can be considered predisposing to or a cofactor of respiratory disease. IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (IDV), a new genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family, has a broad geographical distribution and can infect several animal species. Cattle are so far considered the primary host for IDV, but the pathogenicity and the prevalence of this virus are still unclear. We demonstrated that under experimental conditions (in a controlled environment and in the absence of coinfecting pathogens), IDV is able to cause mild to moderate disease and targets both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The virus can transmit by direct as well as aerosol contacts. While this study evidenced overexpression of pathogen recognition receptors and chemokines in the lower respiratory tract, IDV-specific IgG1 production as early as 10 days postchallenge, and likely both Th1 and Th2 responses, further studies are warranted to better understand the immune responses triggered by IDV and its role as part of the bovine respiratory disease complex. FIG 1 (A) Experiment timeline and sampling. D0 is the day of inoculation. (B)Fourteen naive calves were allocated to two separated pens, one with 5 mock-infected calves (control group) and the second with 11 calves. In the latter pen, calves were divided into two groups separated by steel panels, 3 m apart. Eight calves (direct-inoculated group) were inoculated at day 0 (D0) with 10 7 TCID 50 of IDV 5...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cells and Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cells and Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis, Host Innate Immune Response, and Aerosol Transmission of Influenza D Virus in Cattle

Salem

Hägglund

Cassard

et al. 2019

J Virol

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“…Initial attempts to induce clinical signs of respiratory disease in calves experimentally infected with bRSV yielded inconsistent results [111]. However, reproducible clinical signs of disease have been produced in calves following inoculation with ∼10 4 pfu of low- or non-cell-culture-passaged bRSV (Table 4) [119], [120], [121], [122]. The calf allows daily sampling of the URT, and virus replication in the LRT and the inflammatory response can be analysed in BAL or in the lung tissue at post-mortem examination.…”

Section: Non-human Pneumovirus Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of respiratory syncytial virus infection

Taylor

2017

Vaccine

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“…It is unlikely that the Pneumo4V extraction protocol harvests free virus particles, as this requires centrifugation speeds of >30,000 g (Payne, 2018). However, since sick calves have high numbers of virus-infected neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes in the lung (Blodörn et al, 2015), enough target particles are likely to be obtained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of novel multiplex qPCR assays for diagnosis of pathogens associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex

Pansri

Katholm

Krogh

et al. 2020

The Veterinary Journal

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A B S T R A C TBovine respiratory disease complex is the most common disease requiring the use of antimicrobials in industrial calf production worldwide. Pathogenic bacteria (Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh), Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Histophilus somni (Hs), and Mycoplasma bovis) and a range of viruses (bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine coronavirus, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus type 1) are associated with this complex. As most of these pathogens can be present in healthy and diseased calves, simple detection of their presence in diseased calves carries low predictive value. In other multi-agent diseases of livestock, quantification of pathogens has added substantially to the predictive value of microbiological diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of two recently developed quantitative PCR (qPCR) kits (Pneumo4B and Pneumo4V) to detect and quantify these bacterial and viral pathogens, respectively.Test efficiencies of the qPCR assays, based on nucleic acid dilution series of target bacteria and viruses, were 93-106% and 91-104%, respectively, with assay detection limits of 10-50 copies of nucleic acids. All 44 strains of target bacteria were correctly identified, with no false positive reactions in 135 strains of non-target bacterial species. Based on standard curves of log 10 CFU versus cycle threshold (Ct) values, quantification was possible over a 5-log range of bacteria. In 92 tracheal aspirate samples, the kappa values for agreement between Pneumo4B and bacterial culture were 0.64-0.84 for Mh, Pm and Hs. In an additional 84 tracheal aspirates, agreement between Pneumo4B or Pneumo 4V and certified diagnostic qPCR assays was moderate (0.57) for M. bovis and high (0.71-0.90) for viral pathogens. Thus Pneumo4 kits specifically detected and quantified the relevant pathogens.

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A bovine respiratory syncytial virus model with high clinical expression in calves with specific passive immunity

Cited by 33 publications

References 52 publications

Pathogenesis, Host Innate Immune Response, and Aerosol Transmission of Influenza D Virus in Cattle

Pathogenesis, Host Innate Immune Response, and Aerosol Transmission of Influenza D Virus in Cattle

Animal models of respiratory syncytial virus infection

Evaluation of novel multiplex qPCR assays for diagnosis of pathogens associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex

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