Sensation‐to‐cognition cortical streams in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Carmona, Susanna; Hoekzema, Elseline; Castellanos, F. Xavier; García‐García, David; Lage‐Castellanos, Agustín; Dijk, Koene R. A. Van; Navas‐Sánchez, Francisco J.; Martínez, Kenia; Desco, Manuel; Sepulcre, Jorge

doi:10.1002/hbm.22790

Cited by 49 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…Age-related abnormalities were found in meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies of N-acetylaspartate in medial PFC (138). R-fMRI studies have also yielded cross-sectional results interpreted as consistent with maturational lags in ADHD (56;98;113;121;122). …”

Section: Emerging Models Of Brain Functional Organization In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Science in Development

Castellanos

Aoki

2016

Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

144

154

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) without an explicit task, i.e., resting state fMRI, of individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is growing rapidly. Early studies were unaware of the vulnerability of this method to even minor degrees of head motion, a major concern in the field. Recent efforts are implementing various strategies to address this source of artifact along with a growing set of analytical tools. Availability of the ADHD-200 Consortium dataset, a large-scale multi-site repository, is facilitating increasingly sophisticated approaches. In parallel, investigators are beginning to explicitly test the replicability of published findings. In this narrative review, we sketch out broad, overarching hypotheses being entertained while noting methodological uncertainties. Current hypotheses implicate the interplay of default, cognitive control (frontoparietal) and attention (dorsal, ventral, salience) networks in ADHD; functional connectivities of reward-related and amygdala-related circuits are also supported as substrates for dimensional aspects of ADHD. Before these can be further specified and definitively tested, we assert the field must take on the challenge of mapping the “topography” of the analytical space, i.e., determining the sensitivities of results to variations in acquisition, analysis, demographic and phenotypic parameters. Doing so with openly available datasets will provide the needed foundation for delineating typical and atypical developmental trajectories of brain structure and function in neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD when applied to large-scale multi-site prospective longitudinal studies such as the forthcoming Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.

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Section: Emerging Models Of Brain Functional Organization In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Children with ADHD, selected from group-matched ADHD-200 subsamples (n=120/group), showed greater FC within primary cortex and decreased step-wise FC to attention-regulatory networks; increased step-wise FC to DMN also characterized ADHD (98). …”

Section: Principal Measures and Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Science in Development

Castellanos

Aoki

2016

Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

144

154

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“…The study using graph theory analysis to assess connectivity at a given path length (number of steps) from seeds in primary sensory cortices reported that ADHD was associated with increased short path (one or two steps) connections to multimodal cortices, and long path connections to medial PFC relative to controls. 68 ADHD was associated with reduced short path connections to frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortices and reduced long path connections to dlPFC and inferior parietal cortices. 68 Recent studies in adults suggest normalization of some of these differences with remission of ADHD but not others.…”

Section: Neurobiologymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…68 ADHD was associated with reduced short path connections to frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortices and reduced long path connections to dlPFC and inferior parietal cortices. 68 Recent studies in adults suggest normalization of some of these differences with remission of ADHD but not others. A study in adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD reported that persistent ADHD was associated with reduced connectivity within the DMN (medial PFC and PCC) compared with both controls and remitted ADHD, which did not differ ( Figure 3).…”

Section: Neurobiologymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…66 Several studies utilizing resting state fMRI from a large multisite ADHD cohort (age range 7 to 22 years) have reported alterations in network metrics consistent with this hypothesis. [66][67][68] The study utilizing network contingency analysis reported reduced connectivity within the DMN and between the DMN and the frontoparietal (executive control) and ventral attention (salience) networks compared with controls. 66 Regression modeling suggested maturational lag in connectivity development.…”

Section: Neurobiologymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Neurobiology of Adult ADHD: Emerging Evidence for Network Dysfunctions

Jadidian¹,

Hurley²,

Taber³

2015

JNP

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FIGURE 1. Changes in cortical thickness provide one measure of brain maturation. A large longitudinal study found that for most areas of cortex, children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reach peak cortical thickness several years later than typically developing children, supporting presence of developmental delay. 1 The rate of cortical thinning also differed between the group who continued to meet diagnostic criteria into adulthood (persistent ADHD) and those who did not (remitted ADHD). 2 Areas of cortex in which the rate of thinning correlated with adult symptom level (green, more symptoms associated with more thinning) are approximated on medial and lateral simplified representations of cortex. 2 An earlier study also identified multiple areas in which cortex was thinner in adults with persistent ADHD compared with controls (orange). 3 In addition, this study noted some areas of thicker cortex in remitted ADHD when compared with persistent ADHD (blue). FIGURE 2. Two recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have used cued reaction time tasks to assess differences between adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD and controls in task-related activations and functional connectivity. 4,5 Left. One study used the area with the highest level of activation associated with cognitive control (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) as the seed to assess functional connectivity associated with cognitive control. 5 The ADHD group had lower connectivity than the control group to multiple areas (orange, left putamen, left inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral subgenual cingulate cortex), but connectivity was not correlated with symptom severity. Right. The other study assessed thalamocortical functional connectivity and brain activations associated with response preparation. 4 The persistent ADHD group had lower connectivity compared with the remitted ADHD group from the seed region in thalamus to several areas in prefrontal cortex. The locations of the cluster centers (blue, bilateral frontopolar cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) are approximated onto a dorsal view of the cortical surface. An unexpected finding was that there were no significant differences between the remitted ADHD group and persistent ADHD in brain activations associated with response preparation. COVER AND FIGURE 3. Left. A resting state fMRI study in adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD reported significantly reduced functional connectivity within the default mode network in persistent ADHD. 6 The areas in which either remitted ADHD (blue) or controls (orange) had greater connectivity from the seed region (black, posterior cingulate cortex) compared with persistent ADHD are approximated on a midline MRI. 6 This study also reported that neither ADHD group exhibited the expected negative functional connectivity between the other default mode network seed region (medial prefrontal cortex) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex . Right. A resting state fMRI study in medication naive adults with ADHD re...

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Local functional connectivity suggests functional immaturity in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Marcos‐Vidal

Martínez‐García

Bavel

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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Previous studies have associated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with a maturational lag of brain functional networks. Functional connectivity of the human brain changes from primarily local to more distant connectivity patterns during typical development. Under the maturational lag hypothesis, we expect children with ADHD to exhibit increased local connectivity and decreased distant connectivity compared with neurotypically developing (ND) children. We applied a graph-theory method to compute local and distant connectivity levels and cross-sectionally compared them in a sample of 120 children with ADHD and 120 age-matched ND children (age range = 7-17 years). In addition, we measured if potential group differences in local and distant connectivity were stable across the age range considered. Finally, we assessed the clinical relevance of observed group differences by correlating the connectivity levels and ADHD symptoms severity separately for each group. Children with ADHD exhibited more local connectivity than age-matched ND children in multiple brain regions, mainly overlapping with default mode, fronto-parietal and ventral attentional functional networks (p < .05- threshold free-cluster enhancement-family-wise error). We detected an atypical developmental pattern of local connectivity in somatomotor regions, that is, decreases with age in ND children, and increases with age in children with ADHD. Furthermore, local connectivity within somatomotor areas correlated positively with clinical severity of ADHD symptoms, both in ADHD and ND children. Results suggest an immature functional state of multiple brain networks in children with ADHD. Whereas the ADHD diagnosis is associated with the integrity of the system comprising the fronto-parietal, default mode and ventral attentional networks, the severity of clinical symptoms is related to atypical functional connectivity within somatomotor areas. Additionally, our findings are in line with the view of ADHD as a disorder of deviated maturational trajectories, mainly affecting somatomotor areas, rather than delays that normalize with age.

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Sensation‐to‐cognition cortical streams in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Cited by 49 publications

References 61 publications

Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Science in Development

Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Science in Development

Neurobiology of Adult ADHD: Emerging Evidence for Network Dysfunctions

Local functional connectivity suggests functional immaturity in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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