“…Known embryonic sources of VSMCs include the lateral and paraxial mesoderm, mesothelia and the NC (Jiang et al, 2000;Le Lievre and Le Douarin, 1975;Que et al, 2008;Rinkevich et al, 2012;Wasteson et al, 2008;Wilm et al, 2005). Studies by others and our lab indicated that integrin α5 is not required for the differentiation of mesodermal cells into VSMCs Turner et al, 2014Turner et al, , 2015. Furthermore, addition of Fn1 to mesodermal VSMC precursors stimulated their proliferation and the synthetic phenotype and opposed their differentiation into smooth muscle cells (Bae et al, 2014;Hedin et al, 1988;Shi et al, 2014).…”