Approach to diagnosis and management of optic neuropathy

Mustafa, Sharik; Pandit, Lekha

doi:10.4103/0028-3886.149370

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Vitamins of the B group play crucial roles as coenzymes for enzymatic reactions in different biological systems, and vitamin B12, B6, and B1, the so-called neurotrophic vitamins, are essential for maintaining the health of the nervous system, including the optic nerve [8]. Multifactorial etiologies could coexist in some patients, and micronutrients deficiencies could be associated with alcohol and tobacco abuse [9].…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional Optic Neuropathies: State of the Art and Emerging Evidences

et al. 2020

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Nutritional optic neuropathy is a cause of bilateral, symmetrical, and progressive visual impairment with loss of central visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, dyschromatopsia, and a central or centrocecal scotoma. The clinical features are not pathognomonic, since hereditary and toxic forms share similar signs and symptoms. It is becoming increasingly common due to the widespread of bariatric surgery and strict vegetarian or vegan diets, so even the scientific interest has recently increased. In particular, recent studies have focused on possible pathogenetic mechanisms, and on novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in order to prevent the onset, make a prompt diagnosis and an accurate nutritional supplementation, and to avoid irreversible optic nerve atrophy. Nowadays, there is clear evidence of the role of cobalamin, folic acid, thiamine, and copper, whereas further studies are needed to define the role of niacin, riboflavin, and pyridoxine. This review aims to summarize the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of nutritional optic neuropathy, and it is addressed not only to ophthalmologists, but to all physicians who could come in contact with a patient with a possible nutritional optic neuropathy, being a fundamental multidisciplinary approach.

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Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optic atrophy can develop after a variable interval. Pupillary reflexes are normal [9]. Some of the most common substances involved in the etiology are drugs, for instance cyclosporine, ethambutol, tacrolimus, and amiodarone, or toxins, such as methanol, ethylene glycol, tobacco, and nitrosoureas.…”

Section: Toxic Optic Neuropathiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Optic Neuropathies: State of the Art and Emerging Evidences

et al. 2020

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“…A lease agreement was negotiated, and the first INS Chakra, a Charlie class submarine, was brought on lease from the Soviet Union in 1987 and retained in India for three years to gain operational and maintenance experience. Based on the developments in nuclear submarine construction, India inducted an Akula II class SSN from Russia on a ten-year lease (Pandit, 2014). The submarine was handed over to the Indian Navy on 23 January 2012.…”

Section: India’s Nuclear Submarine Capabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Indian Navy’s Submarine Development Programme: A Critical Assessment

Ramkumar,

Panneerselvam

2023

Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs

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In the twenty-first century, undersea warfare is changing. The role of submarines and ASW is also adapting to the new maritime environment in the Indo-Pacific region. The Submarine arm of the Indian Navy plays a crucial role in this region. Except for the four recently inducted Scorpene submarines, the other conventional submarines are more than two decades old. India’s ageing submarine fleet calls for greater focus on submarine acquisition. The 30-year (2000–2030) submarine building plan drawn up in 1998 envisaged the development of two parallel lines of six conventional submarines, to be constructed in India over twelve years. This is to be followed by 12 submarines of indigenous design based on the learning curve of the two lines to be constructed over the next twelve years. But, as of now, Project 75 has been planned for six submarines (with French design) in 2006, of which five are on active duty and the last one is undergoing sea trials. Project 75I has been sanctioned to build six submarines but with a new model involving two Indian firms, with the introduction of a strategic partner from the private sector to encourage their participation in the ‘Make in India’ policy. Despite India’s capability to design, develop, build and operate strategic submarines with very high indigenous content, India’s lack of capability to design conventional submarines raises the following questions, which this paper has tried to address: Is it related to inadequacies in capability or policy decision-making? Are there inconsistencies in defence procurement policy/procedure? Is there a need to evaluate the Strategic Partnership model before implementation? Is there a lack of access to technology?

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