Integrated fly management in European ruminant operations from the perspective of directive 2009/128/EC on sustainable use of pesticides

Abstract

Integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture animals remains undeveloped as compared to IPM in crops. With respect to the range of external nuisance arthropods that may bother farm animals, development and implementation of systematic IPM strategies are difficult to carry out. However, recurrent outbreaks of blue tongue disease in sheep and cattle, the public threats regarding the prophylactic use of veterinary insecticides and the need to preserve the efficacy of available actives have to lead the reflexion on new control strategies for arthropod pests of livestock. A recent extension of EU regulation on the use of pesticides in crops provides an opportunity to compare IPM strategies and to suggest new lines of reflection for the control of nuisance pests in ruminants under European conditions. In this paper, actions suggested by the Annex III of the Directive 2009/128/CE on Sustainable Use of Pesticides and related National Action Plans from 28 member states of the EU were reviewed from an animal production perspective by a group of veterinary entomologists. Eight lines of action have been identified and thus challenged with respect to current husbandry practices in modern European ruminant operations. Many IPM strategies for crops were identified to be unsuitable for large animals. Suggestions for implementing tools, opportunities and constraint assessment, and needs for support were also discussed. Only control of pest development sites and monitoring of harmful organisms were considered achievable in the near future; both in conjunction with the use of topical insecticides. Complementary actions such as alternatives to chemical control require further researches and industrial development. Marketing of IGR-based feed additives would be of great interest, but development of new compounds for veterinary medicines is very unlikely with respect to the European regulatory environment and associated cost of development.

Effects of pyriproxyfen on wild populations of the housefly, Musca domestica, and compatibility with its principal parasitoids

“…Annual economic losses due to this pest in the USA, for example, are estimated at US $375 million . Effective fly management requires integration of manure management, biological control, and selective use of insecticides (integrated pest management; IPM), however, insecticidal control of houseflies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity of resistance development to new products with novel modes of action . Houseflies are notorious for their ability to develop behavioral and metabolic mechanisms to avoid and detoxify chemical insecticides …”

“…2 Effective fly management requires integration of manure management, biological control, and selective use of insecticides (integrated pest management; IPM), however, insecticidal control of houseflies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity of resistance development to new products with novel modes of action. 3,4 Houseflies are notorious for their ability to develop behavioral and metabolic mechanisms to avoid and detoxify chemical insecticides. 1,5 -9 One of the few insecticides that shows promise for managing houseflies is pyriproxyfen (PPF) -a broad spectrum juvenile hormone analog that inhibits metamorphosis and embryogenesis in several insect orders.…”

Mitigation of herbicide runoff as an ecosystem service from a constructed surface flow wetland

“…To reduce the health and environmental risks associated with pesticides, a number of regulations and standards have been implemented world-wide. Recently the EU, in Annex III of Directive 2009/128/ EC, issued the thematic strategy on sustainable use of pesticides that highlights the need to implement locally, through National Plans, mitigation actions to protect surface water and non-target organisms (Gregoire et al, 2008;Durel et al, 2015). Therefore, many in-field (e.g.…”

Insecticide-impregnated net originally invented to control malaria vectors can be used to control other arthropod pests

“…The concept of IPM was accepted in the fields of medicine and economic entomology (Shiff, 2002). IPM was later applied to the field of vector control (WHO, 2004;Ehler, 2006;Zha et al, 2018) and to the control of other arthropod pests, including nuisances (Mosqueira et al, 2010;Durel et al, 2015). As insecticide replacements, harmless or negligibly weakly harmful substances that act on the pests were proposed.…”