Retinal dysplasia in A merican pit bull terriers – phenotypic characterization and breeding study

Purpose To examine the in vivo microanatomy of retinal folds and geographic lesions in dogs with acquired or inherited retinal dysplasia. Material and methods Thirteen dogs had retinal microanatomy evaluation under general anesthesia using cSLO/sdOCT; two eyes had noninherited multifocal retinal folds, five had inherited multifocal retinal folds (drd1 or drd2), and 10 geographic retinal dysplasia. Retinas from two drd2 carrier dogs were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) after in vivo imaging. Results Retinal folds are the common feature of acquired focal/multifocal or geographic retinal dysplasia, are indistinguishable structurally from those associated with syndromic oculoskeletal dysplasia, and represent outer nuclear layer invaginations and rosettes visible by sdOCT. In dogs heterozygous for oculoskeletal dysplasia, the folds form clusters in a perivascular distribution along superior central vessels. IHC confirmed photoreceptor identity in the retinal folds. The geographic dysplasia plaques are not focally detached, but have inner retinal disorganization and intense autofluorescence in cSLO autofluorescence mode that is mainly limited to the geographic lesion, but is not uniform and in some extends beyond the plaques. Conclusion We propose that the autofluorescent characteristic of the geographic lesions is associated with an inner retinal disruption associated with perivascular or infiltrating macrophages and phagocytosis of cellular debris. As well, we suggest restructuring the examination forms to distinguish the folds that are sporadically distributed from those that have a perivascular distribution as the latter likely represent carriers for drd. In this latter group, DNA testing would be a helpful tool to provide specific breeding advice.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Focal/multifocal and geographic retinal dysplasia in the dog—In vivo retinal microanatomy analyses

Iwabe

Dufour

Guzmán

et al. 2019

“…The second modality is spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT), which allows clinicians to measure the thickness of the retina and its layers in order to determine structural damage prior to RRS . As SD‐OCT is becoming available to more veterinary ophthalmologists, albeit currently mostly in universities, veterinary retinal surgeons may soon have the option of referring their patients to pre‐operative retinal scans that may help determine the prognosis for postoperative vision. However, based on our results that all dogs with a recordable pre‐operative ERG regain normal vision compared to 64% of dogs with a nonrecordable pre‐operative ERG (Table ) it seems that the widely available flash ERG can also serve as a prognostic indicator in RRS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroretinography is a prognostic indicator for postoperative vision in dogs undergoing retinal reattachment surgery

Hoffman

Sisler

Pappania

et al. 2017

“…In humans with retinal disorders, the use of OCT is common and many studies evaluating the optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer, and macula have been performed 2 . Veterinary use of OCT has been reported frequently in mammals such as dogs and cats 3‐10 . The relationship between retinal structure abnormalities and vision‐related diseases including retinal dysplasia, 8 progressive retinal atrophy, 9 sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS), 10 and glaucoma 3 has been studied in dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Veterinary use of OCT has been reported frequently in mammals such as dogs and cats 3‐10 . The relationship between retinal structure abnormalities and vision‐related diseases including retinal dysplasia, 8 progressive retinal atrophy, 9 sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS), 10 and glaucoma 3 has been studied in dogs. There are a few studies on reptilian species (saurians, ophidians, and chelonians) 11,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical coherence tomography of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) eye

Kang

Kwon

et al. 2020

Objective To provide images of the anterior and posterior structures of the gecko eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). Animals and procedures Eight ophthalmologically normal Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) were used. The nose‐cloaca distance and body weight were measured for each gecko. Tomographic images were obtained using SD‐OCT without the use of anesthetic or mydriatic agents. The central corneal thickness (CCT), the anterior chamber depth (ACD), and the length of the conus papillaris (CP) were manually measured using OCT images. The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) around the CP and the retinal thickness in all four quadrants (superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal areas) were automatically measured using the OCT software program. Results The mean values of the nose‐cloaca distance and body weight were 13.8 ± 0.9 cm and 41.3 ± 9.0 g, respectively. The mean values of CCT, ACD, and CP length were 177.6 ± 20.9 µm, 1205.0 ± 79.9 µm, and 1546.4 ± 208.8 µm, respectively. The mean value of RNFL thickness was 52.0 ± 8.2 µm, and the superior region was the thickest. The mean value of total retinal thickness was 202.5 ± 9.4 µm, and the temporal region was the thickest. Conclusions Tomographic images of the anterior and posterior segments of the living gecko eye could be obtained using the OCT unit. Multiple retinal layers and anatomical features of the CP were identified.