Ectoparasite immunology

Nisbet, Alasdair J.; Burgess, Stewart T. G.

doi:10.1111/pim.12154

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…LRCH1 also encodes proteins that influence the migration of CD4+ T cells ( 72 ). These cells play a regulatory role in the immune response and result in higher resistance to R. microplus in cattle, although other genes have been reported as mediators for T cell regulation ( 73 , 74 ). Piper et al ( 75 ) reported that Brahman animals ( B. indicus ) had higher percentages of T cells than did the Holstein–Friesians ( B. taurus ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Study of Babesia bovis Infection Level and Its Association With Tick Count in Hereford and Braford Cattle

et al. 2020

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Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa and leads to substantial economic losses for the livestock industry throughout the world. Babesia bovis is considered the most pathogenic species, which causes bovine babesiosis in Brazil. Genomic data could be used to evaluate the viability of improving resistance against B. bovis infection level (IB) through genomic selection, and, for that, knowledge of genetic parameters is needed. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) could be conducted to provide a better understanding of the genetic basis of the host response to B. bovis infection. No previous work in quantitative genetics of B. bovis infection was found. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic correlation between IB and tick count (TC), evaluate predictive ability and applicability of genomic selection, and perform GWAS in Hereford and Braford cattle. The single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction method was used, which allows the estimation of both breeding values and marker effects. Standard phenotyping was conducted for both traits. IB quantifications from the blood of 1,858 animals were carried using quantitative PCR assays. For TC, one to three subsequent tick counts were performed by manually counting adult female ticks on one side of each animal's body that was naturally exposed to ticks. Animals were genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 panel. The posterior mean of IB heritability, estimated by the Bayesian animal model in a bivariate analysis, was low (0.10), and the estimations of genetic correlation between IB and TC were also low (0.15). The cross-validation genomic prediction accuracy for IB ranged from 0.18 to 0.35 and from 0.29 to 0.32 using k-means and random clustering, respectively, suggesting that genomic predictions could be used as a tool to improve genetics for IB, especially if a larger training population is developed. The top 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms from the GWAS explained 5.04% of total genetic variance for IB, which were located on chromosomes 1,

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Study of Babesia bovis Infection Level and Its Association With Tick Count in Hereford and Braford Cattle

et al. 2020

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“…The complex interaction, mainly due to the host’s diverse immune mechanisms and non-immune structural components, has contributed to various responses towards tick feeding [ 121 ]. Most mammals mount an immunological response to a feeding tick bite.…”

Section: Resistant and Susceptibility Host Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rhipicephalus microplus is the most studied ticks in host responses, with several factors that have been identified as influential to the resistance of cattle to R. microplus [ 10 , 121 , 125 , 126 , 127 ]. Such factors include grooming behavior [ 128 ]; innate immunity response which involve histamine secretion [ 129 ], mast cells and basophil hypersensitivity reaction at the tick bite sites [ 130 , 131 , 132 ] and intra-epidermal vesicles that contain mainly neutrophils to prevent attachment of larvae or forcing them to detach [ 121 ]; adaptive immunity which implicate IgG1 antibodies and sera of the host [ 133 ]; and lastly physical defenses whereby the skin features, vascular architecture and hemodynamics such as the dilation of arteriovenous and anastomoses in the skin playing a vital role in tick rejection [ 121 , 123 , 131 ]. All of the above mechanisms will lead to failure of tick attachment and low feeding rate, therefore increasing the chances of tick removal by grooming behavior of the animals when the ticks need to spend more time trying and looking for feeding sites.…”

Section: Resistant and Susceptibility Host Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia

et al. 2021

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Rhipicephalus species are distributed globally with a notifiable presence in Southeast Asia (SEA) within animal and human populations. The Rhipicephalus species are highly adaptive and have established successful coexistence within human dwellings and are known to be active all year round, predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates existing in SEA. In this review, the morphological characteristics, epidemiology, and epizootiology of Rhipicephalus tick species found in SEA are reviewed. There are six commonly reported Rhipicephalus ticks in the SEA region. Their interactions with their host species that range from cattle, sheep, and goats, through cats and dogs, to rodents and man are discussed in this article. Rhipicephalus-borne pathogens, including Anaplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Babesia species, and Theileria species, have been highlighted as are relevant to the region in review. Pathogens transmitted from Rhipicepahalus ticks to host animals are usually presented clinically with signs of anemia, jaundice, and other signs of hemolytic changes. Rhipicephalus ticks infestation also account for ectoparasitic nuisance in man and animals. These issues are discussed with specific interest to the SEA countries highlighting peculiarities of the region in the epidemiology of Rhipicephalus species and attendant pathogens therein. This paper also discusses the current general control strategies for ticks in SEA proffering measures required for increased documentation. The potential risks associated with rampant and improper acaricide use are highlighted. Furthermore, such practices lead to acaricide resistance among Rhipicephalus species are highlighted.

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“…It would appear that Th2 and IgE related responses are vital for natural host antiparasitic defenses (Fitzsimmons et al, 2014 ). However, protection conferred by recombinant subunit vaccines does not conform to natural anti-parasite immunity and in most cases IgG responses that block essential antigen function mediate protection (e.g., helminths and ticks) (Jonsson et al, 2014 ; De La Fuente et al, 2016a ; Contreras and de La Fuente, 2017 ; Noon and Aroian, 2017 ). In general, it seems a fine line exists between positive vaccine therapeutic effects and unwanted hyper-immunity in sensitized individuals that presents an ongoing challenge for vaccine development (Fitzsimmons et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Metazoan Vaccine Development: Identification To Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metazoan Parasite Vaccines: Present Status and Future Prospects

Stutzer

Richards

Ferreira

et al. 2018

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Eukaryotic parasites and pathogens continue to cause some of the most detrimental and difficult to treat diseases (or disease states) in both humans and animals, while also continuously expanding into non-endemic countries. Combined with the ever growing number of reports on drug-resistance and the lack of effective treatment programs for many metazoan diseases, the impact that these organisms will have on quality of life remain a global challenge. Vaccination as an effective prophylactic treatment has been demonstrated for well over 200 years for bacterial and viral diseases. From the earliest variolation procedures to the cutting edge technologies employed today, many protective preparations have been successfully developed for use in both medical and veterinary applications. In spite of the successes of these applications in the discovery of subunit vaccines against prokaryotic pathogens, not many targets have been successfully developed into vaccines directed against metazoan parasites. With the current increase in -omics technologies and metadata for eukaryotic parasites, target discovery for vaccine development can be expedited. However, a good understanding of the host/vector/pathogen interface is needed to understand the underlying biological, biochemical and immunological components that will confer a protective response in the host animal. Therefore, systems biology is rapidly coming of age in the pursuit of effective parasite vaccines. Despite the difficulties, a number of approaches have been developed and applied to parasitic helminths and arthropods. This review will focus on key aspects of vaccine development that require attention in the battle against these metazoan parasites, as well as successes in the field of vaccine development for helminthiases and ectoparasites. Lastly, we propose future direction of applying successes in pursuit of next generation vaccines.

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Ectoparasite immunology

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

Genomic Study of Babesia bovis Infection Level and Its Association With Tick Count in Hereford and Braford Cattle

Genomic Study of Babesia bovis Infection Level and Its Association With Tick Count in Hereford and Braford Cattle

Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia

Metazoan Parasite Vaccines: Present Status and Future Prospects

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