Equine Viral Arteritis

Balasuriya, Udeni B. R.

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.011

Cited by 40 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The strategy employed by EAV to successfully evade host immune surveillance has yet to be determined. Since the carrier stallion plays a pivotal role in the epidemiology of EAV and constitutes the main challenge for its control and potential eradication (1,5,11,12,20), it is important to fully understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection in the stallion reproductive tract. Here, we investigated the antibody responses in short-and long-term persistently infected stallions following experimental EAV infection with a specific emphasis on the mucosal antibody response to aid in the understanding of the host immune factors involved in EAV persistence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum samples were heat inactivated at 56°C for 30 min, aliquoted, and stored at Ϫ20°C until tested. Semen samples were collected using an artificial vagina during the acute phase and after clinical recovery, specifically, at Ϫ30 (prechallenge), 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,23,30,44,65,86,107,128,149,170,198,226,254,282,317,345,380,407,448,462,476,497,548,701, and 726 (preeuthanasia) dpi, for the purpose of monitoring viral persistence. Semen samples were processed as previously described (17,40).…”

Section: Cells and Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, it has been demonstrated that host genetics are implicated in the outcome of infection (i.e., the short-or long-term carrier state) in the stallion (22,23). Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir for EAV and, thus, play a key epidemiological role, as they ensure the maintenance and perpetuation of the virus in equine populations between breeding seasons (1,11,12). Moreover, they constitute a source of viral genetic and antigenic variability that can lead to the emergence of novel variants of the virus (19,(24)(25)(26)(27); B. Nam, Z. Mekuria, M. Carossino, G. Li, Y. Zheng, J. Zhang, R. F. Cook, J. R. Campos, K. M. Shuck, E. Bailey, P. J. Timoney, and U.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions

Carossino

Wagner

Loynachan

et al. 2017

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has the ability to establish persistent infection in the reproductive tract of the stallion (carrier) and is continuously shed in its semen. We have recently demonstrated that EAV persists within stromal cells and a subset of lymphocytes in the stallion accessory sex glands in the presence of a significant local inflammatory response. In the present study, we demonstrated that EAV elicits a mucosal antibody response in the reproductive tract during persistent infection with homing of plasma cells into accessory sex glands. The EAV-specific immunoglobulin isotypes in seminal plasma included IgA, IgG1, IgG3/5, and IgG4/7. Interestingly, seminal plasma IgG1 and IgG4/7 possessed virus-neutralizing activity, while seminal plasma IgA and IgG3/5 did not. However, virus-neutralizing IgG1 and IgG4/7 in seminal plasma were not effective in preventing viral infectivity. In addition, the serological response was primarily mediated by virus-specific IgM and IgG1, while virus-specific serum IgA, IgG3/5, IgG4/7, and IgG6 isotype responses were not detected. This is the first report characterizing the immunoglobulin isotypes in equine serum and seminal plasma in response to EAV infection. The findings presented herein suggest that while a broader immunoglobulin isotype diversity is elicited in seminal plasma, EAV has the ability to persist in the reproductive tract, in spite of local mucosal antibody and inflammatory responses. This study provides further evidence that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms during persistence in the reproductive tract that warrant further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cells and Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions

Carossino

Wagner

Loynachan

et al. 2017

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Horse-Expert's knowledge base contains up-to-date information for 91 types of major diseases and 286 symptoms of diseases occurring in the horses (Hunt et al 2010, Khan et al 2012, Yamanaka et al 2012, Wise et al 2013, Balasuriya 2014. The disease diagnosis and treatment knowledge can be divided into three parts: textual knowledge, multimedia knowledge and prevention knowledge.…”

Section: Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

Horse-Expert: An aided expert system for diagnosing horse diseases

Qin¹,

Xiao²,

Gao³

et al. 2016

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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In contrast to the rapid development of the horse husbandry in China, the ability of horse veterinarians to diagnose diseases has not been improved and only a few domain experts have considerable expertise. At present, many expert systems have been developed for diseases diagnosis, but few for horse diseases diagnosis have been studied in depth. This paper presents the design and development of a computer-aided expert system for diagnosing horse diseases. We suggest an approach for diagnosis of horse diseases based on the analysis of diagnostic characteristics and the experiential knowledge of domain experts. It is based on using evidence-weighted uncertainty reasoning theory, which is a combination of evidence theory and an uncertainty pass algorithm of confidence factors. It enables drawing of inferences with atypical clinical signs and the uncertainty of the user's subjective understanding. It reduces the influence of subjective factors on diagnostic accuracy. The system utilizes a user friendly interface for users and requests a confidence factor from users when feedback is given to the system. Horse-Expert combines the confidence factors with weight factors assigned to clinical signs by experts during the knowledge acquisition process to make diagnostic conclusions. The system can diagnose 91 common horse diseases, and provides suggestions for appropriate treatment options. In addition, users can check the medical record through statistical charts. The system has been tested in seven demonstration areas of Xinjiang province in northwestern China. By constantly maintaining and updating the knowledge base, the system has potential application in veterinary practice.

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“…Equine arteritis virus (EAV) can cause respiratory and reproductive disease in equids (PAWESKA et al, 1995;BALASURIYA et al, 2014). As in horses, Paweska et al (1995) demonstrated that virus transmission from an infected animal to a susceptible donkey occurs through the respiratory route.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of viral diseases in donkeys (Equus asinus) in São Paulo State, Brazil

Lara

Villalobos

Cunha

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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Among the diseases that affect equines, viral diseases play an important role from a health and economic point of view, especially influenza, viral arteritis, herpes infections and vesicular stomatitis. In the Brazilian literature, there is little or no account of the occurrence of infectious diseases in donkeys. Given the importance of donkeys in different activities and the lack of information on infections that may occur in these animals, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-equine herpesvirus (EHV), anti-equine arteritis virus (EAV), anti-vesicular stomatitis, and anti-equine influenza (H3N8) antibodies in the serum of 85 donkeys bred in some regions of the state of São Paulo. We found the following antibody frequencies: 50.6% (43/85) antibodies against influenza virus subtype H3N8, 47% (40/85) anti-EHV, and 20% (17/85) anti-EAV. The donkeys were not seropositive for vesicular stomatitis. The results suggested that the agents EHV, EAV, and equine influenza subtype H3N8 circulate among donkeys in some regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, reinforcing the importance of establishing a routine diagnosis and epidemiological study of this species. Keywords: Donkeys. Equids. Serology. Infectious diseases. Brazil. ResumoDentre as doenças que acometem os equídeos, as enfermidades virais assumem um papel importante do ponto de vista sanitário e econômico, especialmente a influenza, arterite viral, as infecções herpéticas e a estomatite vesicular. Na literatura nacional, existe pouco ou nenhum relato sobre a ocorrência de enfermidades infecciosas nos asininos. Tendo em vista a importância dos asininos para diferentes atividades e a falta de informações sobre as doenças que acometem esses animais, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a frequência de anticorpos anti-EHV, antivírus da arterite equina, anti-estomatite vesicular e anti-influenza equina (H3N8) em 85 soros de jumentos criados no estado de São Paulo. Estimou-se que 50,6% apresentavam anticorpos contra o subtipo H3N8 do vírus da influenza; 47% (40/85) apresentavam anticorpos contra o EHV e 20% apresentavam anticorpos contra o vírus da arterite. Os jumentos não foram soro reagentes contra a estomatite vesicular. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os agentes EHV, vírus da arterite equina e influenza equina subtipo H3N8, circulam entre os jumentos do estado de São Paulo, caracterizando a importância do estabelecimento de uma rotina diagnóstica e estudos epidemiológicos na espécie. Palavras-chave: Asininos. Equídeos. Sorologia. Enfermidades infecciosas. Brasil. | 155Braz.

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Equine Viral Arteritis

Cited by 40 publications

References 61 publications

Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions

Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions

Horse-Expert: An aided expert system for diagnosing horse diseases

Occurrence of viral diseases in donkeys (Equus asinus) in São Paulo State, Brazil

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