The Effect of Different Water Immersion Temperatures on Post-Exercise Parasympathetic Reactivation

Ottone, Vinícius de Oliveira; Magalhães, Flávio de Castro; Paula, Fabrício de; Avelar, Núbia Carelli Pereira de; Aguiar, Paula Fernandes de; Sampaio, Pâmela Fiche da Matta; Duarte, Tamiris Campos; Costa, Karine Beatriz; Araújo, Tatiane L.; Coimbra, Cândido Celso; Nakamura, Fábio Yuzo; Amorim, Fabiano T.; Rocha‐Vieira, Etel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113730

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…A reduced HRR reflects autonomic dysfunction and has been observed in several chronic diseases (Pec ßanha et al, 2014) and is associated with poor prognosis (Cole et al, 1999). Several strategies have been used to improve cardiac autonomic restoration after exercise and, thus, to accelerate HRR (Leicht et al, 2009;Al Haddad et al, 2010;de Oliveira Ottone et al, 2014). Of note, Leicht et al (2009) observed a faster HRR when subjects were exposed to a fan with water spray or ice pack application during the postexercise period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of postexercise cooling on heart rate recovery in normotensive and hypertensive men

Peçanha

Low

Fecchio

et al. 2019

Clin Physio Funct Imaging

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Background Postexercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is determined by cardiac autonomic restoration after exercise and is reduced in hypertension. Postexercise cooling accelerates HRR in healthy subjects, but its effects in a population with cardiac autonomic dysfunction, such as hypertensives (HT), may be blunted. This study assessed and compared the effects of postexercise cooling on HRR and cardiac autonomic regulation in HT and normotensive (NT) subjects. Methods Twenty-three never-treated HT (43 AE 8 years) and 25 NT (45 AE 8 years) men randomly underwent two exercise sessions (30 min of cycling at 70% VO 2peak ) followed by 15 min of recovery. In one randomly allocated session, a fan was turned on in front of the subject during the recovery (cooling), while in the other session, no cooling was performed (control). HRR was assessed by heart rate reductions after 60 s (HRR60s) and 300 s (HRR300s) of recovery, shortterm time constant of HRR (T30) and the time constant of the HRR after exponential fitting (HRRs). HRV was assessed using time-and frequency-domain indices.Results HRR and HRV responses in the cooling and control sessions were similar between the HT and NT. Thus, in both groups, postexercise cooling equally accelerated HRR (HRR300s = 39AE12 versus 36 AE 10 bpm, P≤0Á05) and increased postexercise HRV (lnRMSSD = 1Á8 AE 0Á7 versus 1Á6 AE 0Á7 ms, P≤0Á05). Conclusion Differently from the hypothesis, postexercise cooling produced similar improvements in HRR in HT and NT men, likely by an acceleration of cardiac parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal. These results suggest that postexercise cooling equally accelerates HRR in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of postexercise cooling on heart rate recovery in normotensive and hypertensive men

Peçanha

Low

Fecchio

et al. 2019

Clin Physio Funct Imaging

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“…Although HR is not a measurement of venous return or cardiac output, it may indicate changes in hemodynamic flow. Further, our group has shown previously that WI at 15°C induces greater parasympathetic reactivation compared with no WI [33], but its effects were not evident 4 hours after an exercise bout. Similarly, we did not see any effect of WI on heart rate measurements during the 5-km time trial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Post-exercise cold-water immersion improves the performance in a subsequent 5-km running trial

et al. 2018

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Various post-exercise strategies have been proposed to accelerate recovery during periods of training. However, the effects of water immersion (WI) temperature on recovery amid multiple daily exercise bouts are not well investigated. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of cold and warm water immersion temperatures between acute exercise bouts vs. no WI recovery on running performance. METHODS: Nine recreationally trained men (age: 24.0 ± 6.0 years old) participated in four experimental sessions using a crossover design. Each experimental session consisted of unilateral eccentric knee flexion exercise and 90 min of treadmill running at 70% of peak oxygen consumption followed by 15 min of WI at 15°C, 28°C or 38°C or passive recovery seated at room temperature (CON). Four hours following WI or CON, subjects completed a 5 km running time trial. Rectal temperature (Trec), heart rate, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) were measured. RESULTS: Statistical analyses indicated that time trial performance was not affected by post-exercise recovery by WI (P > .05). The magnitude-based inferences indicated that 15°C (+ 3.6 ± 7.8%) likely and 28°C (+ 3.2 ± 7.5%) possibly improved recovery compared with CON, while the effect of 38°C (-0.1 ± 12.3%) on recovery was unclear. During WI, heart rate and rectal temperature were not different from CON, but EPOC was higher in 15°C and 28°C compared to CON. Trec in 15°C was lower than CON from the 15th min post WI. EPOC was also greater in 15°C post WI compared to CON. CONCLUSION: WI at 15°C and 28°C following acute exercise likely and possibly, respectively, improved subsequent 5 km running time trial performance. We speculate that the faster recovery in core temperature post-exercise may underlie these improvements in recovery.

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“…De Oliveira Ottone et al (2004) studied 8 active men who exercised at submaximal levels and subsequently performed a 15min recovery period in a water tank with cold water at 15°C, and hot water at 28°C & 38°C. The results indicated that cold-water immersion accelerates while hot water immersion blunts post exercise parasympathetic activation [22].…”

Section: Vagus Nerve Stimulation and The Diving Reflexmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Methods for HR reduction are equally of interest to athletes who need to speed up their return to homeostasis after physical exertion e.g [22,26,37]. Various scientific disciplines, e.g.…”

Section: Vagus Nerve Stimulation and The Diving Reflexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cold stimulation on cardiac-vagal activation: Randomized controlled trial with healthy participants (Preprint)

Jungmann¹,

Vencatachellum²,

Ryckeghem³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Background:The global stress epidemic has not yet been adequately tackled with digital technology by catering to healthy individuals who desire to reduce their acute stress levels. There is a need to investigate physiological mechanisms in the body that can be addressed to induce relaxation through technology. Research has shown that physiological mechanisms embodied in the facial and neck regions are effective for diminishing stress related symptoms. The study described in this paper expands on these areas with the design for a wearable in mind. As this study charts new territory in research, it also represents a first evaluation of the viability for a wearables concept to reduce stress. We inquire into the effects of cold stimulation on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in the neck region using a Thermode device. Objective:The objectives of this study were to assess whether (a) HRV is increased and (b) HR is decreased during a cold stimulation compared to a (non-stimulated) control condition. Effects were in particular expected in the neck and cheek regions and less in the forearm area (c). Methods:Participants were seated in a lab chair and tested with cold stimulation on the right side of the body. The Thermode was placed on the neck, cheek and forearm. Participants' electrocardiogram was recorded and subsequently analyzed. The study was a fully randomized, within subject design. The cold stimulation was applied in 16 s intervals over 4 trials per body location. The control condition proceeded exactly like the cold condition, except the thermal variable was manipulated to remain on the baseline temperature. HR was expressed in terms of IBIs per msec, and rMSSD was used to index HRV. Data were analyzed using a repeated measurements analysis of variance approach with two repeated measurements factors, i.e. Body Location (neck, cheek, forearm) and Condition (cold, control) Results:The analyses of data of 61 participants (on exclusion of outliers) showed a main effect for body location for HR and HRV, a main effect for condition for HR and HRV and an interaction effect for condition and body location for HR and HRV. The results obtained demonstrate a pattern of cardiovascular reactivity to cold stimulation, suggesting an increase in cardiac-vagal activation. The effect was found to be significant for cold stimulation in the lateral neck area. Conclusion:The results confirmed our main hypothesis, which completes only the first step in the evaluation procedure of the wearables concept for stress reduction. Future studies should focus on a stress condition and collect self-report data on perceived stress levels.

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The Effect of Different Water Immersion Temperatures on Post-Exercise Parasympathetic Reactivation

Cited by 30 publications

References 48 publications

Effects of postexercise cooling on heart rate recovery in normotensive and hypertensive men

Effects of postexercise cooling on heart rate recovery in normotensive and hypertensive men

Post-exercise cold-water immersion improves the performance in a subsequent 5-km running trial

Effects of cold stimulation on cardiac-vagal activation: Randomized controlled trial with healthy participants (Preprint)

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