Proteolysis, NaOH and Ultrasound-Enhanced Extraction of Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Sulfated Polysaccharides from the Edible Seaweed, Gracilaria birdiae

Abstract

Abstract:The sulfated polysaccharides (SP) from the edible red seaweed, Gracilaria birdiae, were obtained using five different extraction conditions: Gracilaria birdiae 1 (GB1)-water; GB1s-water/sonication; GB1sp-water/sonication/proteolysis; GB2s-NaOH/sonication; and GB2sp-NaOH/sonication/proteolysis. The yield (g) increased in the following order: GB2sp > GB1sp > GB2s > GB1s > GB1. However, the amount of SP extracted increased in a different way: GB2sp > GB1 > GB1sp > GB1s > GB2s. Infrared and electrophoresis analysis showed that all conditions extracted the same SP. In addition, monosaccharide composition showed that ultrasound promotes the extraction of polysaccharides other than SP. In the prothrombin time (PT) test, which evaluates the extrinsic coagulation pathway, none of the samples showed anticoagulant activity. While in the activated partial

<b>Extraction and structural properties of <i>Acanthophora muscoides </i>(Rhodophyceae) extracellular matrix sulfated polysaccharides and their effects on coagulation

“…Total extraction yields of Am.E-2 and Am.E-3 ranged from 1.82 to 4.65% composing 26.18-29.34% sulfate and 42.02-53.73% total sugars, respectively; however, these values were not identical when compared to those of Am.E-1. Nevertheless, on the basis of the total sugars/sulfate ratio, the compositional analysis within all extracts was similar along its wall-matrix as a result of same charge/mass ration (Fidelis et al, 2014), although exhibiting different availably in terms of total yield (Rodrigues et al, 2009).…”

“…Sulfate ranges among different algae families, such as Gracilariaceae, Gelidiaceae and Phyllophoraceae (4-30%) (Estevez et al, 2008;Maciel et al, 2008;Amorim et al, 2012), which are the main raw material supplies for the world's agar industry (Cardozo et al, 2007). Herein, values would reflex a disorganization of the algal tissue because proteolysis attack the extracellular matrix and cleave the interaction between SPs and proteins (Rodrigues et al, 2011;Fidelis et al, 2014), especially on the surface texture from mucilage deposition on the cell-wall, as observed on vegetative cells in red algae, in which the SPs could be mainly located (Estevez et al, 2008;Miguel et al, 2014); thus, leading to obtain novel biologically active SPs (Rodrigues et al, 2009). Papain-enzyme action, as demonstrated by the Bradford' method, also removed contaminant proteins in all analyzed raw samples (Rodrigues et al, 2011;Araújo et al, 2012;Quinderé et al, 2013;Rodrigues et al, 2014).…”

“…For agarose analysis, Am-1 and Am-2 exhibited single, homogeneous and coincident metachromatic bands, while Am-3 presented a very clear band on gel; in addition, all of them had higher mobility than UHEP due to a different structural conformation and charge/mass ratio between SPs (Dietrich & Dietrich, 1976;Fidelis et al, 2014). This contrasted with a previous study by Quinderé et al (2013) who formerly reported the A. muscoides SPs physical and chemical characterization by agarose gel when Am-1 did not appear on gel and Am-3 had an intense metachromasia, as well as differing from other studied algae species SPs (Athukorala et al, 2006;Rodrigues et al, 2009;Rodrigues et al, 2011;Araújo et al, 2012).Thus, it was speculated that this algal species would perhaps biochemically change its Acta Scientiarum.…”

“…These marine glycans of high molecular weights (Pomin, 2012;Fidelis et al, 2014) are abundantly available in the cell-walls and intercellular space as structural components of the algae (Estevez, Ciancia, & Cerezo, 2008;Rodrigues, Torres, Alencar, Sampaio, & Farias, 2009;Miguel et al, 2014). Anticoagulation (Rodrigues et al, 2009;Rodrigues et al, 2013;Mourão, 2015), antinociception and anti-inflammation Rodrigues et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2016) are some of their most important pharmacological properties.…”

“…Marine macroalgae (seaweeds) contain structurally unique metabolites (e.g., carbohydrates, lectins and lipids) (Mayer, Rodriguez, Berlinck, & Hamann, 2007;Miguel et al, 2014) recognized to have a broad spectrum of functionalities for scientific studies (e.g., pharmaceutics) (Cardozo et al, 2007;Fidelis et al, 2014;Wu, Shiu, Hsieh, & Tsai, 2016), industrial applications (e.g., foods and cosmetics) (Cardozo et al, 2007;Prajapati, Maheriya, Jani, & Solanki, 2014), and in biotechnological field (e.g., tissue engineering and drug delivery) (Pereira & Costa-Lotufo, 2012) due to their pronounced physical (e.g., gelling and stabilizing) and biological (e.g., anticoagulation and anti-inflammation) abilities of considerable interest toward polymer industry worldwide (Cardozo et al, 2007;Rodrigues, Vanderlei, Quinderé, Fontes, & Benevides, 2010;Pomin, 2012;Prajapati et al, 2014).…”