Stimulating Evidence for Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination Among HIV-Infected Adults

Crum-Cianflone, Nancy F.; Wallace, Mark R.

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu632

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Our results are consistent with other studies: M184I/V has been shown to have low persistence after transmission to drug-naive patients; G190A has been shown to have high persistence [ 26 – 29 ]. We show here that D30N, N88D/S and L90 M also have high transmissibility and that other SDRMs have higher (M41L, T215Rev and K219E/N/Q/R for NRTIs and K101E/P for the NNRTIs) or lower transmissibility (K70E/R, L74I/V, and T215Y/F for NRTIs; Y181C/I/V for NNRTIs and I84 V and I54A/L/M/S/T/V for protease inhibitors) compared with other mutations of the same drug class.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Assessing transmissibility of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations from treated and from drug-naive individuals

Winand

Theys

Eusébio

et al. 2015

Aids

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Objectives:Surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) in drug-naive patients are typically used to survey HIV-1-transmitted drug resistance (TDR). We test here how SDRMs in patients failing treatment, the original source of TDR, contribute to assessing TDR, transmissibility and transmission source of SDRMs.Design:This is a retrospective observational study analyzing a Portuguese cohort of HIV-1-infected patients.Methods:The prevalence of SDRMs to protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in drug-naive and treatment-failing patients was measured for 3554 HIV-1 subtype B patients. Transmission ratio (prevalence in drug-naive/prevalence in treatment-failing patients), average viral load and robust linear regression with outlier detection (prevalence in drug-naive versus in treatment-failing patients) were analyzed and used to interpret transmissibility.Results:Prevalence of SDRMs in drug-naive and treatment-failing patients were linearly correlated, but some SDRMs were classified as outliers – above (PRO: D30N, N88D/S, L90 M, RT: G190A/S/E) or below (RT: M184I/V) expectations. The normalized regression slope was 0.073 for protease inhibitors, 0.084 for NRTIs and 0.116 for NNRTIs. Differences between SDRMs transmission ratios were not associated with differences in viral loads.Conclusion:The significant linear correlation between prevalence of SDRMs in drug-naive and in treatment-failing patients indicates that the prevalence in treatment-failing patients can be useful to predict levels of TDR. The slope is a cohort-dependent estimate of rate of TDR per drug class and outlier detection reveals comparative persistence of SDRMs. Outlier SDRMs with higher transmissibility are more persistent and more likely to have been acquired from drug-naive patients. Those with lower transmissibility have faster reversion dynamics after transmission and are associated with acquisition from treatment-failing patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Assessing transmissibility of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations from treated and from drug-naive individuals

Winand

Theys

Eusébio

et al. 2015

Aids

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“…For example, virus appears to persist longer in surviving HIS mice than in humans. This may simply reflect poor humoral responses in current HIS mouse models, supporting the association between antibody levels and viral clearance in EVD patients [42]. …”

Section: What Do Human Immune System Mice Offer To the Field Of Ebov mentioning

confidence: 96%

Human immune system mouse models of Ebola virus infection

Spengler

Prescott

Feldmann

et al. 2017

Current Opinion in Virology

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Human immune system (HIS) mice, immunodeficient mice engrafted with human cells (with or without donor-matched tissue), offer a unique opportunity to study pathogens that cause disease predominantly or exclusively in humans. Several HIS mouse models have recently been used to study Ebola virus (EBOV) infection and disease. The results of these studies are encouraging and support further development and use of these models in Ebola research. HIS mice provide a small animal model to study EBOV isolates, investigate early viral interactions with human immune cells, screen vaccines and therapeutics that modulate the immune system, and investigate sequelae in survivors. Here we review existing models, discuss their use in pathogenesis studies and therapeutic screening, and highlight considerations for study design and analysis. Finally, we point out caveats to current models, and recommend future efforts for modeling EBOV infection in HIS mice.

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“…Indeed, there are no reported cases of penile–vaginal transmission in the setting of an undetectable viral load [ 7 ]. Both prospective cohort and modelling studies suggest that antiretroviral therapy for partners living with HIV combined with genital tract infection screening and condomless sex limited to peak fertility maximizes the likelihood of pregnancy while minimizing, or eliminating, sexual HIV transmission [ 8 , 9 ]. For individuals or couples who desire additional protection, or when partners living with HIV take ART inconsistently, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) offers a safe and highly effective method to reduce HIV acquisition risk while allowing for conception [ 10 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV‐affected couples and individuals who desire children should be offered options for safer conception

Pollock

Weber

Kaida

et al. 2017

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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Stimulating Evidence for Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination Among HIV-Infected Adults

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Assessing transmissibility of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations from treated and from drug-naive individuals

Assessing transmissibility of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations from treated and from drug-naive individuals

Human immune system mouse models of Ebola virus infection

HIV‐affected couples and individuals who desire children should be offered options for safer conception

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