The New Polio Eradication End Game: Rationale and Supporting Evidence

Abstract

Polio eradication requires the removal of all polioviruses from human populations, whether wild poliovirus or those emanating from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). The Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 provides a framework for interruption of wild poliovirus transmission in remaining endemic foci and lays out a plan for the new polio end game, which includes the withdrawal of Sabin strains, starting with type 2, and the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine, for risk mitigation purposes. This report summarizes the rationale and evidence that supports the policy decision to switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV and to introduce 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine into routine immunization schedules, and it describes the proposed implementation of this policy in countries using trivalent OPV.

Live attenuated enterovirus vaccine (OPV) is not associated with islet autoimmunity in children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: prospective cohort study

“…In addition, this study shows that the type of vaccine (OPV or IPV) does not contribute to the risk. Moreover, the results are in line with epidemiological observations suggesting that type 1 diabetes incidence has mostly been lower in countries using OPV compared with countries using IPV [26,27].…”

Detection of enterovirus in mussels from Morocco by cell culture and real-time PCR

“…They can detect asymptomatic infections and multifaceted clinical variable diagnosis depending on the serotype involved (Avellon et al, 2003;Sutter et al, 2014). Several studies have shown the involvement of a panel of enteroviruses in the similar events that enhance the acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), in this case, related to different kind of enteroviruses which caused paralysis such as the enteroviruses types 68-71 (Bahri et al, 2005;Delpeyroux et al, 2013;OMS, 2013) and suggest a potential threat.…”

Jadwal Imunisasi Anak Usia 0 – 18 tahun Rekomendasi Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia 2017

“…4 Alasan terpenting menggantikan OPV karena menimbulkan 250 -500 kasus vaccine associated paralysis poliomyelitis (VAPP) setiap tahunnya. 5 Selain itu kejadian luar biasa polio sebagian besar (87%-97%) berhubungan dengan vaccine derived polio virus tipe 2 (VDPV2). 6 Bayi yang hanya mendapat vaksin bOPV tidak mempunyai kekebalan terhadap virus polio 2 sehingga rentan terinfeksi virus polio 2 yang mungkin terjadi karena importasi dari komunitas yang masih menggunakan tOPV.…”

“…Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) merekomendasikan paling sedikit satu dosis IPV tambahan dalam jadwal imunisasi rutin di negara yang hanya menggunakan OPV. 5 Vaksin IPV menimbulkan serokonversi 69% terhadap virus polio 2 pada anak yang sebelumnya mendapat bOPV dan sat u dosis IPV. 7 Kekebalan mukosa terhadap virus polio 1 dan 3 juga meningkat dengan pemberian I PV pada anak yang telah mendapat bOPV sehingga mempercepat eradikasi polio.…”