Triple secondary neoplasms

Abstract

Correspondence AIDS 2014AIDS , 28:2323AIDS -2332 HLA-B M 35-PX and HLA-B M 35-PY subtype differentiation does not predict observed differences in level of HIV control in a Peruvian MSM cohort It is well established that host genetics, as well as immunological and virological parameters, influence the rate of HIV disease progression [1,2]. The most consistent associations exist for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, mainly in the variable HLA-B locus. Of these, HLA-B Ã 35 has been related to accelerated progression with the most deleterious effects linked to a group of subtypes, HLA-B Ã 35 PX (including HLA-B Ã 35 : 02, HLA-B Ã 35 : 03 and HLA-B Ã 35 : 04) [3][4][5][6][7][8]. These PX alleles differ by as few as one amino acid from other HLA-B Ã 35 subtypes, referred to as HLA-B Ã 35 PY alleles that show a somewhat reduced rate of disease progression [9]. PX and PYalleles have been differentiated on the basis of their F-pocket epitope anchor preference, with PY alleles only allowing for tyrosine (Y) in this position, while PX alleles can accommodate a range of residues [5,8,9]. Individuals expressing HLA-B Ã 35 PX alleles have been reported to mount broader cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses than PY individuals, which could lend PX alleles some advantage for viral control [8,10,11]. However, the increased affinity of PX alleles to immunoglobulin-like transcript 4 could have opposite effects [5]. In addition, the usefulness of discriminating PX and PY alleles needs to be questioned, as only few alleles have been assigned to either group and this separation is based on poorly characterized HLA-binding motifs.We studied the association of HLA-B Ã 35 alleles with viral control in an untreated cohort [12] of 235 HIV clade B infected individuals in Lima (Perú) and related these differences to known PX and PY classification, subtypeallele frequencies, T-cell responses restricted by these alleles and sequence similarities in regions forming the allele-specific F-pocket. The selected cohort is exceptionally well suited to study HLA-B Ã 35 subtypes, as it includes 14 different B Ã 35 subtypes, 10 of which are present at a frequency greater than 1% (Fig. 1a) [13]. When comparing viral loads between HLA-B Ã 35positive and negative individuals (Fig. 1a), all but three alleles showed median viral load above the population median (37 113 copies/ml). Differences were statistically significant for HLA-B Ã 35 : 05 and HLA-B Ã 35 : 09, alleles that are not classified as PX or PY [14]. When HLA-B Ã 35 alleles were grouped into known PX or PY and unclassified alleles, all three groups showed higher viral load than HLA-B Ã 35-negative individuals (Fig. 1b) in line with recently published data [15]. To test whether adding further putative PX and PY alleles would yield stronger differences between allele groups, we classified B Ã 35 alleles on the basis of polymorphisms in the allele's F-pocket. Individuals expressing HLA-B Ã 35 alleles with aspartic acid (D) at position 114 or serine (S) at position 116 showed overall reduced viral ...

Clinical characteristics, predictors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and long-term prognosis in patients with Kaposi sarcoma

“…It is important to consider that PLD treated patients were slightly older (35 vs. 40 years), and the number of chemotherapy cycles administered was more than twice for PLD KS treated patients compared with our patients (9 vs. 4). Decrease in CD4 count while on PLD has been described [54], this fact needs further research to understand the role of PLD in the development of secondary neoplasia and its ultimate benefit in Kaposi’s therapy.…”

Quadruple Multiple Primary Malignancies: Early Detection of Second Primary Malignancy by Esophagogastroduodenoscopy/Colonoscopy Is Crucial for Patients with Classic Kaposi’s Sarcoma

“…Non-English studies and English conference proceedings were excluded. A total of 280 cases of patients with KS with multiple tumors including head and neck, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, or colorectal (including anal) malignancies were identified [7,[10][11][12][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] (Table 1). Of the identified cases, 7, 20, 1, and 159 had KS with esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colorectal (including anal) malignancy, respectively.…”