Plant material features responsible for bamboo's excellent mechanical performance: a comparison of tensile properties of bamboo and spruce at the tissue, fibre and cell wall levels

Wang, Xiaoqing; Keplinger, Tobias; Gierlinger, Notburga; Burgert, Ingo

doi:10.1093/aob/mcu180

Cited by 82 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Furthermore, bands at 1603 cm −1 and at 1630 cm −1 are observed in the xylem spectra (Figure D, red and green spectra). As stated above, the former represents the symmetric stretching vibration of the phenyl rings of p ‐coumaric or ferulic acid and of other lignin components , the latter is assigned to the C=C stretching vibration of the ring of the 2 acids . In addition, the xylem regions present very sharp bands at 1171 cm −1 (see also Figure S3A,C) and at 1205 cm −1 that can also be assigned to p ‐coumaric/ferulic acid (Figure D, red and green spectrum).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Insight into plant cell wall chemistry and structure by combination of multiphoton microscopy with Raman imaging

Heiner

Zeise

Elbaum

et al. 2017

Journal of Biophotonics

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Spontaneous Raman scattering microspectroscopy, second harmonic generation (SHG) and 2-photon excited fluorescence (2PF) were used in combination to characterize the morphology together with the chemical composition of the cell wall in native plant tissues. As the data obtained with unstained sections of Sorghum bicolor root and leaf tissues illustrate, nonresonant as well as pre-resonant Raman microscopy in combination with hyperspectral analysis reveals details about the distribution and composition of the major cell wall constituents. Multivariate analysis of the Raman data allows separation of different tissue regions, specifically the endodermis, xylem and lumen. The orientation of cellulose microfibrils is obtained from polarization-resolved SHG signals. Furthermore, 2-photon autofluorescence images can be used to image lignification. The combined compositional, morphological and orientational information in the proposed coupling of SHG, Raman imaging and 2PF presents an extension of existing vibrational microspectroscopic imaging and multiphoton microscopic approaches not only for plant tissues.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Insight into plant cell wall chemistry and structure by combination of multiphoton microscopy with Raman imaging

Heiner

Zeise

Elbaum

et al. 2017

Journal of Biophotonics

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“…Photographs in Figure 2 illustrate two types of shrubs and two multi-stemmed trees. Shrub-like bamboos are also relevant, some of which have strong stems more than 25 m tall (Wang et al, 2014 ) and may also dominate trees (Griscom and Ashton, 2003 ), but we did not include them in our literature review below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Be a Shrub? A Basic Model and Hypotheses for the Adaptive Values of a Common Growth Form

Götmark

Jensen

2016

Front. Plant Sci.

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Shrubs are multi-stemmed short woody plants, more widespread than trees, important in many ecosystems, neglected in ecology compared to herbs and trees, but currently in focus due to their global expansion. We present a novel model based on scaling relationships and four hypotheses to explain the adaptive significance of shrubs, including a review of the literature with a test of one hypothesis. Our model describes advantages for a small shrub compared to a small tree with the same above-ground woody volume, based on larger cross-sectional stem area, larger area of photosynthetic tissue in bark and stem, larger vascular cambium area, larger epidermis (bark) area, and larger area for sprouting, and faster production of twigs and canopy. These components form our Hypothesis 1 that predicts higher growth rate for a small shrub than a small tree. This prediction was supported by available relevant empirical studies (14 publications). Further, a shrub will produce seeds faster than a tree (Hypothesis 2), multiple stems in shrubs insure future survival and growth if one or more stems die (Hypothesis 3), and three structural traits of short shrub stems improve survival compared to tall tree stems (Hypothesis 4)—all hypotheses have some empirical support. Multi-stemmed trees may be distinguished from shrubs by more upright stems, reducing bending moment. Improved understanding of shrubs can clarify their recent expansion on savannas, grasslands, and alpine heaths. More experiments and other empirical studies, followed by more elaborate models, are needed to understand why the shrub growth form is successful in many habitats.

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“…The initial fracture cracks may have primarily developed at the S 2 layer because of the different structures and mechanical properties of the different layers of the cell wall. Firstly, the highest level of matrix (lignin and hemicellulose) concentration occurred in the ML [23][24][25], and the pectin and protein were in the P layer [26]. This indicated that the CML layer could have an exceptional deformation capability compared to the secondary wall [27,28].…”

Section: Verification Via Experimental Testing: the Fracture Morpholomentioning

confidence: 98%

The fracture mechanism of softwood via hierarchical modelling analysis

Wang

Lin

et al. 2019

J Wood Sci

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A hierarchical model of softwood was developed to effectively analyze stress concentration and predict initial fracture of the wood cell wall under different loading scenarios. The results indicated that the simulated stress concentration regions of the tracheid wall approximately matched the experimental initial fracture locations. The stress concentration and initial fracture of the tracheid wall under longitudinal tensile stress occurred in the S 2 layer. In the cases of pure longitudinal-radial (LR) or longitudinal-tangential (LT) in-plane shear loading, the highest stresses are observed in the S 1 /S 2 interface and the S 3 layer, but the initial fractures of the tracheids of the neutral layer under the LR or LT shear stress only occurred in the S 1 /S 2 interface. Furthermore, the tracheids of the tensile parts outermost of bending specimen were subjected to the longitudinal tension and shear coupling stresses that led to the two kinds of cracks occurring, including trumpet-shaped cracks in the S 2 layer, and S 1 /S 2 interface debonding.

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Plant material features responsible for bamboo's excellent mechanical performance: a comparison of tensile properties of bamboo and spruce at the tissue, fibre and cell wall levels

Cited by 82 publications

References 29 publications

Insight into plant cell wall chemistry and structure by combination of multiphoton microscopy with Raman imaging

Insight into plant cell wall chemistry and structure by combination of multiphoton microscopy with Raman imaging

Why Be a Shrub? A Basic Model and Hypotheses for the Adaptive Values of a Common Growth Form

The fracture mechanism of softwood via hierarchical modelling analysis

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