Cytostatic drugs and metabolites in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Spain: Filtration, occurrence, and environmental risk

Prediction and assessment of ecogenotoxicity of antineoplastic drugs in binary mixtures

“…Anticancer concentrations in mixture ranged from tenths of ng/L to hundreds of μg/L, which represent comparable concentration ranges than have been previously measured in wastewater. 5-FU was found in the hospital and municipal wastewaters at concentrations in the range <5 ng/ L to 124 μg/L (Mahnik et al 2004Kovalova et al 2009;Kosjek et al 2013);CDDP was detected, as Pt compound, at concentrations in the range of 2-250 μg/L (Lenz (Yin et al 2010;FerrandoCliment et al 2014); IM concentrations in aquatic systems are not known to date, probably because its occurrence is below the limit of detection (36-54 ng/L) (Negreira et al 2013(Negreira et al , 2014. However, Besse et al (2012) estimated environmental concentration for this drug in France, based on excretion rates, at 5 ng/L.…”

“…Considering their stability, the continuous release of anticancer drugs (Negreira et al 2014) may reduce, as other genotoxic xenobiotics, the viability of aquatic species resulting in an alteration of the ecosystem (Moe et al 2013). Reproductive toxicity and DNA damage are sometimes closely related in aquatic organisms (Jha 2008), and the detection of chronic toxicity as well as genotoxicity in crustaceans exposed to anticancer drugs is of eco-toxicological relevance (Parrella et al 2014a(Parrella et al , 2015.…”

Occurrence and fate of selected anticancer, antimicrobial, and psychotropic pharmaceuticals in an urban river in a subcatchment of the Yodo River basin, Japan

“…For this reason, if they do exist in the water environment, then it is very important to accumulate information on their aquatic ecotoxicity, beginning with fishes through to planktons and to algae (Besse et al 2012;Booker et al 2014;Negreira et al 2014;Toolaram et al 2014). Water environment pollution problems due to a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds (more than 100) have already been studied and reported (Ågerstrand et al 2015;Ferrer et al 2010;López-Serna et al 2013;Vasquez et al 2014).…”

First inter-laboratory comparison exercise for the determination of anticancer drugs in aqueous samples

“…Until recently, scientists did not have the technology nor the know-how to measure environmental levels of anticancer drugs and only a limited number of laboratories worldwide are analysing them in environmental and wastewater samples (Česen et al 2015;Ferrando-Climent et al 2014, 2013Kosjek and Heath 2011;Kosjek et al 2015Kosjek et al , 2013Llewellyn et al 2011;Negreira et al 2014aNegreira et al , 2013aParrella et al 2014). One reason is their low environmental levels (≤ ng L −1 ), which require the very latest in modern analytical instrumentation, and possibly their toxicity makes laboratories reluctant to analyse these compounds since additional safety protocols and waste collection must be in place.…”

“…One reason is their low environmental levels (≤ ng L −1 ), which require the very latest in modern analytical instrumentation, and possibly their toxicity makes laboratories reluctant to analyse these compounds since additional safety protocols and waste collection must be in place. Fortunately, studies are now investigating their presence in environmental and wastewater samples (Česen et al 2015;Kosjek and Heath 2011;Kosjek et al 2015Kosjek et al , 2013Negreira et al 2014aNegreira et al , 2013a, and the risks they pose to humans and aquatic organisms have been recently addressed within the EU FP7 CytoThreat project (2014).…”