“…The biosynthetic production of proteins containing noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) provides powerful approaches to solving many outstanding problems in biology and biomolecular engineering (Johnson et al, 2010;Sun et al, 2014) including the atomic-level dissection of protein biophysical properties (Kwon et al, 2010;Ye et al, 2010) and the construction of therapeutic leads (Frost et al, 2015;Horiya et al, 2014;Ng et al, 2015). Emerging efforts combining ncAAs with mRNA (Hayashi et al, 2012;Horiya et al, 2014), phage (Liu et al, 2008), or E. coli display show promise in the discovery of proteins with an expanded range of chemical functionality exhibiting improved biophysical and therapeutic characteristics.…”