“…Analysis of function in GeneCards revealed that EPHB1 and UNC5B also regulate angiogenesis (Safran et al, 2010). Literature reports that ANGPTL4 upregulation corresponds to increased vascularization after stroke (Schipper et al, 2014). Results from prior studies show that IL21R, BMF , and GPNMB correspond to mediators of injury following ischemic stroke (Clarkson et al, 2014; Nakano et al, 2014; Pfeiffer et al, 2014).…”
Biomaterial scaffolds have the potential to enhance neuronal development and regeneration. Understanding the genetic responses of astrocytes and neurons to biomaterials could facilitate the development of synthetic environments that enable the specification of neural tissue organization with engineered scaffolds. In this study, we used high throughput transcriptomic and imaging methods to determine the impact of a hydrogel, PuraMatrix™, on human glial cells in vitro. Parallel studies were undertaken with cells grown in a monolayer environment on tissue culture polystyrene. When the Normal Human Astrocyte (NHA) cell line is grown in a hydrogel matrix environment, the glial cells adopt a structural organization that resembles that of neuronal-glial cocultures, where neurons form clusters that are distinct from the surrounding glia. Statistical analysis of next generation RNA sequencing data uncovered a set of genes that are differentially expressed in the monolayer and matrix hydrogel environments. Functional analysis demonstrated that hydrogel-upregulated genes can be grouped into three broad categories: neuronal differentiation and/or neural plasticity, response to neural insult, and sensory perception. Our results demonstrate that hydrogel biomaterials have the potential to transform human glial cell identity, and may have applications in the repair of damaged brain tissue.
“…Analysis of function in GeneCards revealed that EPHB1 and UNC5B also regulate angiogenesis (Safran et al, 2010). Literature reports that ANGPTL4 upregulation corresponds to increased vascularization after stroke (Schipper et al, 2014). Results from prior studies show that IL21R, BMF , and GPNMB correspond to mediators of injury following ischemic stroke (Clarkson et al, 2014; Nakano et al, 2014; Pfeiffer et al, 2014).…”
Biomaterial scaffolds have the potential to enhance neuronal development and regeneration. Understanding the genetic responses of astrocytes and neurons to biomaterials could facilitate the development of synthetic environments that enable the specification of neural tissue organization with engineered scaffolds. In this study, we used high throughput transcriptomic and imaging methods to determine the impact of a hydrogel, PuraMatrix™, on human glial cells in vitro. Parallel studies were undertaken with cells grown in a monolayer environment on tissue culture polystyrene. When the Normal Human Astrocyte (NHA) cell line is grown in a hydrogel matrix environment, the glial cells adopt a structural organization that resembles that of neuronal-glial cocultures, where neurons form clusters that are distinct from the surrounding glia. Statistical analysis of next generation RNA sequencing data uncovered a set of genes that are differentially expressed in the monolayer and matrix hydrogel environments. Functional analysis demonstrated that hydrogel-upregulated genes can be grouped into three broad categories: neuronal differentiation and/or neural plasticity, response to neural insult, and sensory perception. Our results demonstrate that hydrogel biomaterials have the potential to transform human glial cell identity, and may have applications in the repair of damaged brain tissue.
“…GPNMB is increased in skeletal muscle in a mouse model of denervation and protects against muscular atrophy (Furochi et al, ; Ogawa et al, ). GPNMB improves memory and shows a protective effect against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury (Murata et al, ; Nakano et al, ).…”
“…GPNMB plays a role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in osteoblast and fibroblast differentiation and in increasing cancer metastasis by induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)3 and MMP9 (3,(7)(8)(9)(10). Importantly, GPNMB promotes regeneration after muscle, kidney, liver, and cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury by regulation of immune/inflammatory responses and suppressing fibrosis (11)(12)(13)(14). However, the functions of GPNMB in pathophysiological processes in the heart are still unknown, although GPNMB was recently mentioned in a screen of viral cardiomyopathy (15).…”
Cardiac diseases are the leading cause of death. Available treatment approaches are not sufficient to reverse persistent cardiac damage after injury; thus, the search for new therapeutic targets is essential. Our microarray-based screening in rat hearts 24 h after myocardial infarction (MI) yielded glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB), which is known to be involved in inflammation and fibrosis after tissue injury. However, its role in the heart was elusive. We found increased cardiac expression levels of GPNMB in rats and mice after MI. Analysis of DBA/2J mice, which lack functional GPNMB due to a spontaneous point mutation, showed that systemic GPNMB deficiency was associated with preserved cardiac function and less left ventricular dilation after MI compared with DBA/2J mice with reconstituted GPNMB expression. These improvements were associated with decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9, the cardiac stress genes for natriuretic peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide), and β-myosin heavy chain after MI. Moreover, GPNMB deficiency attenuated the dilated cardiomyopathy in muscle lim protein knockout mice but could not prevent cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoprenaline infusion. This is the first experimental study to show that GPNMB adversely influences myocardial remodeling.-Järve, A., Mühlstedt, S., Qadri, F., Nickl, B., Schulz, H., Hübner, N., Özcelik, C., Bader, M. Adverse left ventricular remodeling by glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B in myocardial infarction.
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