Investigating local and long-range neuronal network dynamics by simultaneous optogenetics, reverse microdialysis and silicon probe recordings in vivo

Abstract

HighlightsOptogenetics and microdialysis can be successfully combined.How to manipulate circuits of spontaneous and evoked activities with drugs and lights?Thalamic control of delta waves and sleep spindles.

Cholinergic Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Promote Wakefulness by Actions on Neighboring Non-Cholinergic Neurons: An Opto-Dialysis Study

“…Indeed, many neuroscientists currently equate BF behavioral state control with the cortical projections of cholinergic neurons. However, recent studies have implicated other cortically projecting BF neurons releasing GABA or glutamate in control of cortical EEG and sleep-wake states (Duque et al, 2000;Manns et al, 2003;Anaclet et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2015;Lin et al, 2015;Xu et al, 2015). Thus, interactions of cholinergic neurons with non-cholinergic BF neurons may be important in orchestrating arousal.…”

“…In particular, optogenetics has been useful in dissecting out the role of specific neurotransmitter systems embedded in brain regions with heterogeneous neuronal phenotypes (Adamantidis et al, 2007;Han et al, 2014;Irmak and de Lecea, 2014;Kim et al, 2015;Xu et al, 2015). However, the attribution of effects of optogenetic stimulation on behavior to activation of particular neurotransmitter systems and release of that neurotransmitter in target areas is not as simple as it first seems.…”

“…Recent optogenetic studies reported that selective activation of BF cholinergic neurons suppresses slow-wave sleep and promotes wakefulness (Han et al, 2014;Irmak and de Lecea, 2014;Xu et al, 2015). Furthermore, inhibition of cholinergic neurons prolongs slow-wave sleep and decreases the probability of awakening (Shi et al, 2015).…”

“…However, these studies did not evaluate the local neurochemical changes associated with optical stimulation, or investigate the influence of cholinergic stimulation on neighboring neurons in vivo. Acetylcholine (ACh) levels in BF are higher during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep compared with non-REM (NREM) sleep (Vazquez and Baghdoyan, 2001), suggesting that modulation of neighboring non-cholinergic neurons may be important in behavioral state control. Consistent with this idea, a recent in vitro study from our group found that cholinergic neurons strongly excite neighboring GABAergic neurons, including the subset of cortically projecting neurons, which contain the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV).…”

“…Consistent with this idea, a recent in vitro study from our group found that cholinergic neurons strongly excite neighboring GABAergic neurons, including the subset of cortically projecting neurons, which contain the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV). In vivo optogenetic and pharmacogenetic studies showed that stimulation of BF GABAergic, PV or glutamatergic neurons promotes cortical activation and wakefulness (Anaclet et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2015;Xu et al, 2015). Moreover, lesions of BF cholinergic neurons did not impair the ability of BF PV neurons to produce cortical activation (Kim et al, 2015).…”