25 Years of cooling research in office buildings: Review for the integration of cooling strategies into the building façade (1990–2014)

Hoces, A.I. Prieto; Knaack, Ulrich; Klein, Tillmann; Auer, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.012

Cited by 56 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…In the case of thermoelectric cooling, space cooling application is in early R and D stages, so further developments The last parameter refers to the coefficient of performance of the solar cooling system (COP coolsys ). The solar cooling technologies considered in the assessment are depicted in Table 5, along with their generally-expected performance ranges, based on the specialised literature [2,21,30]. Additionally, efficiencies for solar cooling concepts and prototypes over 0.5 kW and under 5 kW are shown, based on an unpublished state-of-the-art review conducted by the authors [31].…”

Section: Solar Cooling Output (Scool Out ) and Boundary Conditions Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solar cooling technologies have gained increasing attention in the last decades, being explored as potential alternatives to conventional systems, in order to cope with rising cooling requirements in the built environment [1,2]. Global cooling demands are growing due to several factors, such as higher standards of living, temperature in the urban environment, and climate change [3], so there is a pressing need for environmentally friendly technologies, driven by renewable energy sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility Study of Self-Sufficient Solar Cooling Façade Applications in Different Warm Regions

et al. 2018

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Small-scale systems and integrated concepts are currently being explored to promote the widespread application of solar cooling technologies in buildings. This article seeks to expand application possibilities by exploring the feasibility of solar cooling integrated façades, as decentralized self-sufficient cooling modules on different warm regions. The climate feasibility of solar electric and solar thermal concepts is evaluated based on solar availability and local cooling demands to be met by current technical possibilities. Numerical calculations are employed for the evaluation, considering statistical climate data; cooling demands per orientation from several simulated scenarios; and state-of-the-art efficiency values of solar cooling technologies, from the specialized literature. The main results show that, in general, warm-dry climates and east/west orientations are better suited for solar cooling façade applications, compared to humid regions and north/south orientations. Results from the base scenario show promising potential for solar thermal technologies, reaching a theoretical solar fraction of 100% in several cases. Application possibilities expand when higher solar array area and lower tilt angle on panels are considered, but these imply aesthetical and constructional constraints for façade design. Finally, recommendations are drafted considering prospects for the exploration of suitable technologies for each location, and façade design considerations for the optimization of the solar input per orientation.These systems have been researched and developed, mostly focusing on their performance, but their application in the built environment remains mostly limited to large demonstration projects and pilot experiences [7]. In that regard, several small-scale designs and prototypes are being developed by researchers, in order to promote widespread architectural application of these technologies in buildings, under the concept of solar cooling façades [5]. These integrated concepts seize the economic and functional benefits derived from the integration of decentralised components in the façade, while using the available exposed area for direct and diffuse solar collection. Economic benefits from façade integration refer to the construction cost savings and extra leasable space from avoiding complex distribution systems and large equipment [8,9], and functional advantages range from efficient energy usage by identifying local demands, to increased comfort due to personal control [10]. On the other hand, the façade not only comprises available external surface, but also directly influences indoor comfort. In warm climates, peak solar irradiance in façades usually match peak cooling demands in the adjacent offices, so it makes sense to harvest that radiation to drive a cooling system, while blocking solar heat gains under a climate responsive façade design.Solar cooling façade concepts found in the literature are based either on solar electric processes, using thermoelectric modules [11,12], or solar thermal...

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Section: Solar Cooling Output (Scool Out ) and Boundary Conditions Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Study of Self-Sufficient Solar Cooling Façade Applications in Different Warm Regions

et al. 2018

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“…In addition, we also revealed the key features for optically absorbing and evaporative materials for future solar still systems, i.e., under a given environment, a stronger natural evaporation capability will result in a lower surface temperature. This indicates a novel research direction to explore and develop different evaporative materials, which may have applications in solar still technology, evaporative cooling, solar‐evaporated mining applications, evaporation‐driven generators, and recently reported water‐evaporation‐induced electricity . In addition, this cold vapor generation will raise a new scientific question on moisture condensation for water collection .…”

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confidence: 99%

Cold Vapor Generation beyond the Input Solar Energy Limit

et al. 2018

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Abstract100% efficiency is the ultimate goal for all energy harvesting and conversion applications. However, no energy conversion process is reported to reach this ideal limit before. Here, an example with near perfect energy conversion efficiency in the process of solar vapor generation below room temperature is reported. Remarkably, when the operational temperature of the system is below that of the surroundings (i.e., under low density solar illumination), the total vapor generation rate is higher than the upper limit that can be produced by the input solar energy because of extra energy taken from the warmer environment. Experimental results are provided to validate this intriguing strategy under 1 sun illumination. The best measured rate is ≈2.20 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun illumination, well beyond its corresponding upper limit of 1.68 kg m−2 h−1 and is even faster than the one reported by other systems under 2 sun illumination.

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“…In order to comply with the requirements of nZEB newly constructed and renovated buildings should reach nearly zero energy use [2]. Even though the thermal performance of buildings has improved, the cooling demands are rising progressively due to the global climate change [3]. According to Global CCS institute by 2020 the share of commercial buildings in Europe in need of cooling equipment is expected to increase up to 60% [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A PCM based cooling system for office buildings: a state of the art review

et al. 2019

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Cooling of air in buildings has a significant effect on thermal comfort and, consequently, productivity of office occupants. This study presents a state of the art review of energy efficient cooling systems that will provide occupants in buildings with satisfying thermal comfort. Using high-temperature cooling systems combined with renewable energy sources increases the energy efficiency in buildings. Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) using Phase Change Materials (PCM) is a renewable energy source implemented in space cooling applications due to its high energy storage density. Since the share of commercial buildings in need of cooling is increasing, there is a need for developing new technical solutions in order to reduce the energy use without compromising thermal comfort. To this end, a proposed ventilation system, preliminarily analyzed in this paper, is expected to reduce further the energy use. The ventilation system is composed of an air handling unit, a 2-pipe active chilled beam system, and a cooling system including a LHTES using PCM. Few researchers have investigated chilled water air-conditioning systems that integrate a LHTES using PCM. In this review, function characteristics, possibilities and limitations of existing systems are discussed.

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25 Years of cooling research in office buildings: Review for the integration of cooling strategies into the building façade (1990–2014)

Cited by 56 publications

References 147 publications

Feasibility Study of Self-Sufficient Solar Cooling Façade Applications in Different Warm Regions

Feasibility Study of Self-Sufficient Solar Cooling Façade Applications in Different Warm Regions

Cold Vapor Generation beyond the Input Solar Energy Limit

A PCM based cooling system for office buildings: a state of the art review

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