“…Nevertheless, since 5G mm-wave base stations perform beamforming using a large number of PAs, they should be inexpensive, mass-producible and easy-tointegrate with phase controller. For this reason, SiGe BiC-MOS and CMOS PAs have been proposed as preferred for this application [27], [28], [31]- [33]. In addition, while circuit topologies such as Doherty and outphasing are highly efficient as described in [34], [35], they tend to be large in size, so miniaturised PAs are preferable.…”