Depressive symptoms in first‐episode psychosis: a 10‐year follow‐up study

Sönmez, Nasrettin; Røssberg, Jan Ivar; Evensen, Julie; Barder, Helene Eidsmo; Haahr, Ulrik; Hegelstad, Wenche ten Velden; Joa, Inge; Johannessen, Jan Olav; Langeveld, Johannes; Larsen, Tor Ketil; Melle, Ingrid; Opjordsmoen, Stein; Rund, Bjørn Rishovd; Simonsen, Erik; Vaglum, Per; McGlashan, Thomas H.; Friis, Svein

doi:10.1111/eip.12163

Cited by 42 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…As for negative symptoms, the prevalence of these symptoms remained stable from months 3-6 to 9-12. Similarly, a longitudinal study in FEP patients reported a decrease of depression prevalence measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale from 41% of participants at baseline to 28% after 1 year (Sonmez et al, 2014). In established schizophrenia, the prevalence of depressive symptoms tends to fluctuate, with a peak of symptoms during psychotic episodes and a decline after remission, possibly linked to secondary negative symptoms (an der Heiden, Konnecke, Maurer, Ropeter, & Hafner, 2005;Koreen et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A study on negative and depressive symptom prevalence in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis

Azar

Pruessner

Baer

et al. 2016

Early Intervention Psych

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A study on negative and depressive symptom prevalence in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis

Azar

Pruessner

Baer

et al. 2016

Early Intervention Psych

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“…Thus, finding DD patients to report the highest subjective functional impairment of all groups is, perhaps, not surprising, as they experienced the most severe depressive symptoms (BDI) as well. In schizophrenia spectrum disorders, affective symptoms impair functioning as a secondary condition; in part, some negative symptoms, such as anhedonia, may overlap with those of depression [52][53][54][55]. Overall, our finding of depressive and, to some extent, anxiety symptoms contributing to functional impairment highlights the importance of measuring them when assessing level of functioning.…”

Section: Self-reported Functional Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 91%

Level of functioning, perceived work ability, and work status among psychiatric patients with major mental disorders

et al. 2017

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Psychiatric care patients commonly end up outside the labour force. However, while among patients with mood disorders objective and subjective indicators of ability to work are largely concordant, among those with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder they are commonly contradictory. Among all groups, perceived functional impairment and work disability are coloured by current depressive symptoms, but objective work status reflects illness course, particularly preceding psychiatric hospitalizations.

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“…Many patients (up to 61%) with schizophrenia suffer from burdensome depressive symptoms or comorbid clinical depression, which is often poorly recognized [16]. Furthermore, depression is a common and harmful dimension of schizophrenia, particularly in FEP [131,132].…”

Section: Irs and Cirs In Schizophrenia With Depressive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Aberrations in the Immune-inflammatory Reflex System (IRS) and the Compensatory Immune-regulatory Reflex System (CIRS) in Different Phenotypes of Schizophrenia: The IRS-CIRS Theory of Schizophrenia

Roomruangwong¹,

Noto²,

Kanchanatawan³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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In this paper we propose a novel theoretical framework, which was previously developed for major depression and bipolar disorder, namely the compensatory immune-regulatory reflex system (CIRS), as applied to the neuro-immune pathophysiology of schizophrenia and its phenotypes, including first episode psychosis (FEP), acute relapses, chronic and treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS), comorbid depression, and deficit schizophrenia. These schizophrenia phenotypes and manifestations are accompanied by increased production of positive acute phase proteins, including haptoglobin and α2-macroglobulin, complement factors, and macrophagic M1 (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), T helper (Th)-1 (interferon-γ and IL-2R), Th-2 (IL-4, IL-5), Th-17 (IL-17) and T regulatory (Treg; IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1) cytokines, cytokine-induced activation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway as well as chemokines, including CCL-11 (eotaxin), CCL-2, CCL-3 and CXCL-8. While the immune profiles in the different schizophrenia phenotypes indicate activation of the immune-inflammatory response system (IRS), there are simultaneous signs of CIRS activation, including increased levels of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1RA), sIL-2R and tumor necrosis factor-a receptors, Th-2 and Treg phenotypes with increased IL-4 and IL-10 production, and increased levels of TRYCATs and haptoglobin, α2-macroglobulin and other acute phase reactants, which have immune-regulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Signs of activated IRS and CIRS pathways are also detected in TRS, chronic and deficit schizophrenia indicating that these conditions are accompanied by a new homeostatic setpoint between upregulated IRS and CIRS components. In FEP, increased baseline CIRS activity is a protective factor which may predict favorable clinical outcomes. Moreover, impairments in the CIRS are associated with deficit schizophrenia and greater impairments in semantic and episodic memory. It is concluded that CIRS plays a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia by negatively regulating the primary IRS and contributing to recovery from the acute phase of illness. Components of the CIRS may offer promising therapeutic targets for schizophrenia.

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Depressive symptoms in first‐episode psychosis: a 10‐year follow‐up study

Cited by 42 publications

References 39 publications

A study on negative and depressive symptom prevalence in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis

A study on negative and depressive symptom prevalence in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis

Level of functioning, perceived work ability, and work status among psychiatric patients with major mental disorders

The Role of Aberrations in the Immune-inflammatory Reflex System (IRS) and the Compensatory Immune-regulatory Reflex System (CIRS) in Different Phenotypes of Schizophrenia: The IRS-CIRS Theory of Schizophrenia

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