Abstract:Recent empirical research, mostly done on humans, recognizes that individuals" physiological state affects levels of cooperation. An individual"s internal state may affect the payoffs of behavioural alternatives, which in turn could influence the decision to either cooperate or to defect. However, little is known about the physiology underlying condition dependent cooperation. Here, we demonstrate that shifts in cortisol levels affect levels of cooperation in wild cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus. These cle… Show more
“…In the obligate cleaner L dimidiatus, an increase in AVT levels, induced with exogenous peripheral infusions, caused them to cease all mutualistic activities, but not conspecific behaviour (Soares et al, 2012a(Soares et al, , 2012c. These results contrast with those found with cortisol treatments, with cleaners altering strategic tactics towards their clientele (see section 5.1 above, and Soares et al (2014) and Binning et al (2017)). Thus, different stress response magnitudes, appear to produce significant behavioural responses.…”
Section: A Cleaner Is Not Always a Cleaner: Stress Involvement In Lifcontrasting
confidence: 61%
“…These mechanisms have been further to propitiate cleaners behavioural switch from cooperation to cheating (Soares et al, 2014). Specifically, cleaners behavioural change occurs under influence of rising cortisol levels, with these providing more tactile stimulation to smaller clients as to gain access to bigger ones, that are then bitten (Soares et al, 2014).…”
Section: Stress Mediation Of Cleaning Behaviourmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These mechanisms have been further to propitiate cleaners behavioural switch from cooperation to cheating (Soares et al, 2014). Specifically, cleaners behavioural change occurs under influence of rising cortisol levels, with these providing more tactile stimulation to smaller clients as to gain access to bigger ones, that are then bitten (Soares et al, 2014). And also, mediated by the antagonism of the glucocorticoid receptors, which produced a positive improvement of cleaning service (more tactile stimulation to bigger clients, those that have more ectoparasites and more mucus), and thus contributing to a reinforcement of current and future relationships (Soares et al, 2014).…”
Section: Stress Mediation Of Cleaning Behaviourmentioning
Animal-focused research has been crucial for scientific advancement however, in this matter, rodents are still taking a starring role. Coming out from merely being supportive of evidence found in rodents, the use of fish models has slowly taken a more central role and expanded its overall contributions in areas such as social sciences, evolution, physiology, and recently in translational medical research. In neurosciences, zebrafish has been widely adopted, contributing to our understanding of the genetic control of brain processes, and the effects of pharmacological manipulations. However, discussion continues regarding the paradox of function versus structure, when fish and mammals are compared, and on the potentially evolutionarily conserved nature of behaviour across fish species. From the behavioural stand point we explored aversive/stress and social behaviour in selected fish models, and refer to the extensive contributions of stress and monoaminergic systems. We suggest that, in spite of marked neuroanatomical differences between fish and mammals, stress and sociality are conserved at the behavioural and molecular levels. We also suggest that stress and sociality are mediated by monoamines in predictable and non-trivial ways, and that monoamines could "bridge" the relationship between stress and social behaviour. To reconcile the level of divergence with the level of similarity, we need neuroanatomical, pharmacological, behavioural, and ecological studies conducted in the laboratory and in nature.These areas need to add to each other to enhance our understanding of fish behaviour and ultimately how this all may translate to better model systems for translational studies.
“…In the obligate cleaner L dimidiatus, an increase in AVT levels, induced with exogenous peripheral infusions, caused them to cease all mutualistic activities, but not conspecific behaviour (Soares et al, 2012a(Soares et al, , 2012c. These results contrast with those found with cortisol treatments, with cleaners altering strategic tactics towards their clientele (see section 5.1 above, and Soares et al (2014) and Binning et al (2017)). Thus, different stress response magnitudes, appear to produce significant behavioural responses.…”
Section: A Cleaner Is Not Always a Cleaner: Stress Involvement In Lifcontrasting
confidence: 61%
“…These mechanisms have been further to propitiate cleaners behavioural switch from cooperation to cheating (Soares et al, 2014). Specifically, cleaners behavioural change occurs under influence of rising cortisol levels, with these providing more tactile stimulation to smaller clients as to gain access to bigger ones, that are then bitten (Soares et al, 2014).…”
Section: Stress Mediation Of Cleaning Behaviourmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These mechanisms have been further to propitiate cleaners behavioural switch from cooperation to cheating (Soares et al, 2014). Specifically, cleaners behavioural change occurs under influence of rising cortisol levels, with these providing more tactile stimulation to smaller clients as to gain access to bigger ones, that are then bitten (Soares et al, 2014). And also, mediated by the antagonism of the glucocorticoid receptors, which produced a positive improvement of cleaning service (more tactile stimulation to bigger clients, those that have more ectoparasites and more mucus), and thus contributing to a reinforcement of current and future relationships (Soares et al, 2014).…”
Section: Stress Mediation Of Cleaning Behaviourmentioning
Animal-focused research has been crucial for scientific advancement however, in this matter, rodents are still taking a starring role. Coming out from merely being supportive of evidence found in rodents, the use of fish models has slowly taken a more central role and expanded its overall contributions in areas such as social sciences, evolution, physiology, and recently in translational medical research. In neurosciences, zebrafish has been widely adopted, contributing to our understanding of the genetic control of brain processes, and the effects of pharmacological manipulations. However, discussion continues regarding the paradox of function versus structure, when fish and mammals are compared, and on the potentially evolutionarily conserved nature of behaviour across fish species. From the behavioural stand point we explored aversive/stress and social behaviour in selected fish models, and refer to the extensive contributions of stress and monoaminergic systems. We suggest that, in spite of marked neuroanatomical differences between fish and mammals, stress and sociality are conserved at the behavioural and molecular levels. We also suggest that stress and sociality are mediated by monoamines in predictable and non-trivial ways, and that monoamines could "bridge" the relationship between stress and social behaviour. To reconcile the level of divergence with the level of similarity, we need neuroanatomical, pharmacological, behavioural, and ecological studies conducted in the laboratory and in nature.These areas need to add to each other to enhance our understanding of fish behaviour and ultimately how this all may translate to better model systems for translational studies.
“…Thus, when cooperation has only long‐term rewards, such as an increased chance of reproduction in the distant future, we predict that increased GCs are likely to reduce cooperative motivation and impair cooperative coordination. For example, after being experimentally stressed, female cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) switched to a more selfish and less cooperative behavior where they bite nutritious mucus from their interspecific client fish partner (Soares, Cardoso, Grutter, Oliveira, & Bshary, 2014). This may be costly in terms of jeopardizing future partnerships with their clients, but provides more proximate benefits.…”
Section: Evidence That Variation In Stress Physiology Is Associated Wmentioning
The causes and consequences of individual differences in animal behavior and stress physiology are increasingly studied in wild animals, yet the possibility that stress physiology underlies individual variation in social behavior has received less attention. In this review, we bring together these study areas and focus on understanding how the activity of the vertebrate neuroendocrine stress axis (HPA‐axis) may underlie individual differences in social behavior in wild animals. We first describe a continuum of vertebrate social behaviors spanning from initial social tendencies (proactive behavior) to social behavior occurring in reproductive contexts (parental care, sexual pair‐bonding) and lastly to social behavior occurring in nonreproductive contexts (nonsexual bonding, group‐level cooperation). We then perform a qualitative review of existing literature to address the correlative and causal association between measures of HPA‐axis activity (glucocorticoid levels or GCs) and each of these types of social behavior. As expected, elevated HPA‐axis activity can inhibit social behavior associated with initial social tendencies (approaching conspecifics) and reproduction. However, elevated HPA‐axis activity may also enhance more elaborate social behavior outside of reproductive contexts, such as alloparental care behavior. In addition, the effect of GCs on social behavior can depend upon the sociality of the stressor (cause of increase in GCs) and the severity of stress (extent of increase in GCs). Our review shows that the while the associations between stress responses and sociality are diverse, the role of HPA‐axis activity behind social behavior may shift toward more facilitating and less inhibiting in more social species, providing insight into how stress physiology and social systems may co‐evolve.
“…This methodology has been extensively applied before, without a similar occurrence ever being reported (Soares et al 2012(Soares et al , 2014Paula et al 2015).…”
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