Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled-feeding trial

Jackson, Kristina Harris; West, Sheila G.; Heuvel, John P. Vanden; Jonnalagadda, Satya S.; Ross, Alastair B.; Hill, Alan R.; Grieger, Jessica A.; Lemieux, Susan K.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.078048

Cited by 71 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…In rats diets high in maize have been shown to reduce LDL [ 61 ]. In humans diets rich in whole wheat have been shown to reduce total cholesterol when given at a dosage of 48 g per day [ 15 , 19 ]. Most of the research on the lipid lowering effects of whole grains has been performed with oats, which are rich in beta glucan, a fiber that has been clinically shown to lower cholesterol [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consumption of whole grains is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes and major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, and may even decrease the risk for some types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer [ 4 , 11 , 12 ]. Alteration of glucose homeostasis [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] and reduction of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) have been somewhat inconsistently reported in connection with increased whole grain consumption [ 12 , 13 , 17 , 18 ]. Beneficial alteration of the gut microbiota is often cited as a possible reason for health improvements seen with increased whole grain consumption, although a relationship between the two is not always observed [ 8 , 13 , 14 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Moderate Whole Grain Consumption on Fasting Glucose and Lipids, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Microbiota

et al. 2017

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This study was designed to determine if providing wheat, corn, and rice as whole (WG) or refined grains (RG) under free-living conditions will change parameters of health over a six-week intervention in healthy, habitual non-WG consumers. Measurements of body composition, fecal microbiota, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides were made at baseline and post intervention. Subjects were given adequate servings of either WG or RG products based on their caloric need and asked to keep records of grain consumption, bowel movements, and GI symptoms weekly. After six weeks, subjects repeated baseline testing. Significant decreases in total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol were seen after the WG treatments but were not observed in the RG treatment. During Week 6, bowel movement frequency increased with increased WG consumption. No significant differences in microbiota were seen between baseline and post intervention, although, abundance of order Erysipelotrichales increased in RG subjects who ate more than 50% of the RG market basket products. Increasing consumption of WGs can alter parameters of health, but more research is needed to better elucidate the relationship between the amount consumed and the health-related outcome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Moderate Whole Grain Consumption on Fasting Glucose and Lipids, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Microbiota

et al. 2017

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“…There is also interest in determining if whole grain contributes to body weight management: weight loss, a decrease in fat mass or prevention of excess weight gain. Epidemiological studies show that consumption of whole grains is correlated with leanness in adults; however, randomized controlled trials have demonstrated mixed results [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. A recent meta-analysis reviewing 26 studies reported no difference in body weight, but did report a modest decrease in body fat with whole grain consumption compared to the control.…”

Section: Background: Whole Grainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Whole Grain Consumption Alter Gut Microbiota and Satiety?

2015

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This review summarizes recent studies examining whole grain consumption and its effect on gut microbiota and satiety in healthy humans. Studies comparing whole grains to their refined grain counterparts were considered, as were studies comparing different grain types. Possible mechanisms linking microbial metabolism and satiety are described. Clinical trials show that whole grain wheat, maize, and barley alter the human gut microbiota, but these findings are based on a few studies that do not include satiety components, so no functional claims between microbiota and satiety can be made. Ten satiety trials were evaluated and provide evidence that whole oats, barley, and rye can increase satiety, whereas the evidence for whole wheat and maize is not compelling. There are many gaps in the literature; no one clinical trial has examined the effects of whole grains on satiety and gut microbiota together. Once understanding the impact of whole grains on satiety and microbiota is more developed, then particular grains might be used for better appetite control. With this information at hand, healthcare professionals could make individual dietary recommendations that promote satiety and contribute to weight control.

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“…We identified 26 moderate or long duration trials that incorporated an independent biomarker of whole grain intake. These biomarkers included blood or urine concentrations of enterolactones [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] and/or alkylresorcinols [ 31 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Use of reliable biomarkers of intake strengthens a study’s design by removing potential reporting bias associated with self-reported compliance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Whole Grain Intervention Study Designs and Reporting Practices Using Evidence Mapping Methodology

et al. 2018

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Consumption of whole grains have been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases in many observational studies; yet, results of intervention studies are mixed. We aimed to use evidence mapping to capture the methodological and reporting variability in whole grain intervention studies that may contribute to this inconsistency. We conducted a reproducible search in OVID Medline for whole grain human intervention studies (published 1946 to February 2018). After screening based on a priori criteria, we identified 202 publications describing a total of 213 unique trials. Over half (55%) were acute trials, lasting ≤1 day, 30% were moderate duration studies (up to 6 weeks) and 15% were of longer duration (more than 6 weeks). The majority of acute trials (75%) examined measures of glycaemia and/or insulinemia, while most of the longer trials included measures of cardiometabolic health (71%), appetite/satiety (57%) and weight/adiposity (56%). Among the moderate and long duration trials, there was a wide range of how whole grains were described but only 10 publications referenced an established definition. Only 55% of trials reported the actual amount of whole grains (in grams or servings), while 36% reported the amount of food/product and 9% did not report a dose at all. Of the interventions that provided a mixture of whole grains, less than half (46%) reported the distribution of the different grain types. Reporting of subject compliance also varied and only 22% used independent biomarkers of whole grain intake. This evidence map highlights the need to standardize both study protocols and reporting practices to support effective synthesis of study results and provide a stronger foundation to better inform nutrition scientists and public health policy.

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Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled-feeding trial

Abstract: Replacing RGs with WGs within a weight-loss diet does not beneficially affect abdominal AT loss and has modest effects on markers of MetS. WGs appear to be effective at normalizing blood glucose concentrations, especially in those individuals with prediabetes.

Cited by 71 publications

References 41 publications

The Effects of Moderate Whole Grain Consumption on Fasting Glucose and Lipids, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Microbiota

The Effects of Moderate Whole Grain Consumption on Fasting Glucose and Lipids, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Microbiota

Does Whole Grain Consumption Alter Gut Microbiota and Satiety?

Evaluating Whole Grain Intervention Study Designs and Reporting Practices Using Evidence Mapping Methodology

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