Abstract:BackgroundMycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the causative organisms of community-acquired pneumonia which is found commonly in younger patients. Extrapulmonary complications similar to autoimmune disease are caused by M. pneumoniae following the initial infection. The mechanism and pathology of onset is not clear, but it is considered that excessive host immunoreactions play a part in the onset of mycoplasmal pneumonia and its extrapulmonary complications. In this study, we investigated the participation of the … Show more
“…In children with M. pneumoniae infection, the level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is also markedly increased, which induces the increased bronchial reaction (61). M. pneumoniae antigens induce a potent immune reaction and enhance the Th17 cell response in vivo and in-vitro , with Treg and IL-10 being associated with the suppression of the production of IL-17A (62). The cytadherence of M. pneumoniae induces inflammatory responses through TLR4 and autophagy (6).…”
Mycoplasma are the smallest prokaryotic microbes present in nature. These wall-less, malleable organisms can pass through cell filters, and grow and propagate under cell-free conditions in vitro. Of the pathogenic Mycoplasma Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been examined the most. In addition to primary atypical pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia with predominantly respiratory symptoms, M. pneumoniae can also induce autoimmune hemolytic anemia and other diseases in the blood, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and skin, and can induce pericarditis, myocarditis, nephritis and meningitis. The pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection is complex and remains to be fully elucidated. The present review aimed to summarize several direct damage mechanisms, including adhesion damage, destruction of membrane fusion, nutrition depletion, invasive damage, toxic damage, inflammatory damage and immune damage. Further investigations are required for determining the detailed pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae.
“…In children with M. pneumoniae infection, the level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is also markedly increased, which induces the increased bronchial reaction (61). M. pneumoniae antigens induce a potent immune reaction and enhance the Th17 cell response in vivo and in-vitro , with Treg and IL-10 being associated with the suppression of the production of IL-17A (62). The cytadherence of M. pneumoniae induces inflammatory responses through TLR4 and autophagy (6).…”
Mycoplasma are the smallest prokaryotic microbes present in nature. These wall-less, malleable organisms can pass through cell filters, and grow and propagate under cell-free conditions in vitro. Of the pathogenic Mycoplasma Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been examined the most. In addition to primary atypical pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia with predominantly respiratory symptoms, M. pneumoniae can also induce autoimmune hemolytic anemia and other diseases in the blood, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and skin, and can induce pericarditis, myocarditis, nephritis and meningitis. The pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection is complex and remains to be fully elucidated. The present review aimed to summarize several direct damage mechanisms, including adhesion damage, destruction of membrane fusion, nutrition depletion, invasive damage, toxic damage, inflammatory damage and immune damage. Further investigations are required for determining the detailed pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae.
“…In addition, IL‐17 also plays a key role in autoimmune diseases . Recently, it has been reported that the breakdown of the immune balance between T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and Tregs may be part of the process leading to the subsequent development of extrapulmonary manifestations . These findings indicate that IL‐17 may be involved in disease severity and extrapulmonary manifestations.…”
Objectives
The impact of atopy on disease severity and extrapulmonary manifestations in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia is unknown.
Methods
Patients diagnosed with MP pneumonia between January 2016, and December 2017, were enrolled in this study. A total of 150 MP pneumonia patients were enrolled at diagnosis and divided into the atopic group (n = 48) and the nonatopic group (n = 102). Furthermore, these patients were also assessed after being divided into the pulmonary group (n = 120) and the extrapulmonary group (n = 30). Clinical characteristics, respiratory disease severity, any allergy history, and specific allergen sensitizations were collected from all patients. The serum interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) and total immunoglobulin E (lgE) levels were also measured.
Results
More children in the atopic group than those in the nonatopic group presented with severe MP pneumonia, tachypnea, oxygen therapy, steroid treatment, atopic conditions including asthma attack, a previous history of asthma, decreased IL‐17 levels, and increased IgE levels (all P < 0.05). When compared with those in the pulmonary group, the patients in the extrapulmonary group showed higher percentages of atopy, higher total lgE levels, and lower IL‐17 levels (all P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Atopy may be a risk factor for disease severity and extrapulmonary manifestations in children with MP pneumonia.
“…P. aeruginosa [114] or understand the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis, for example in case of M. pneumonia [115]. New vaccines against several pathogens including A. baumanii [107] or S. aureus [116] were studied in vivo. Reconstructed tissue models have shown many advantages compared to in vivo models.…”
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