Detection of Heparin in the Salivary Gland and Midgut of Aedes togoi

Ha, Young-Ran; Oh, So-Ra; Seo, Eunseok; Kim, Bo-Heum; Lee, Dong‐Kyu; Lee, Sang-Joon

doi:10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.183

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Another concern that arises with the use of some blood-contacting biomedical devices is the increased risk that thrombosis may occur and lead to adverse conditions and higher patient morbidity and mortality [56]. In contrast to medical devices devoid of anticoagulant agents, the mosquito proboscis, upon insertion into the body, excretes salvia enriched with proteins that inhibit clotting events that would otherwise occur as a response to the endothelial damage [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]57]. Due to their antihemostatic properties, these mosquito salivary proteins could serve as prospective candidates for integration into blood-contacting biomaterials to prevent clot formation and device rejection.…”

Section: Mosquito-derived Polymers With Anticoagulant Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anopheline antiplatelet protein (AAPP), CPP protein (derived from Culex pipiens pallens), Aegyptin, hamadarin, and even heparin itself are all biological molecules contained in the saliva of different mosquito species that aid in the ingestion of a blood meal by interfering with the host clotting cascade or platelet aggregation [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]57]. These biomolecules can either directly bind to collagen, preventing its adhesion to platelets, or can inhibit one or more factors in the coagulation cascade.…”

Section: Mosquito-derived Polymers With Anticoagulant Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their saliva contains biological agents that inhibit blood clotting and platelet aggregation, allowing uninhibited blood flow and attenuated clotting in lacerated vessels. A host of antihemostatic proteins can be extracted from mosquito saliva [6][7][8][9][10][11], and they are prospective candidates for integration into biomaterial coatings to prevent the thrombosis associated with implantation of medical devices. Additionally, the blood-drawing apparatus of mosquitoes has been replicated in the design of microneedles and other skin-penetrating medical devices to reduce the pain associated with piercing human skin [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biting Innovations of Mosquito-Based Biomaterials and Medical Devices

Dixon

Vondra

2022

Materials

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Mosquitoes are commonly viewed as pests and deadly predators by humans. Despite this perception, investigations of their survival-based behaviors, select anatomical features, and biological composition have led to the creation of several beneficial technologies for medical applications. In this review, we briefly explore these mosquito-based innovations by discussing how unique characteristics and behaviors of mosquitoes drive the development of select biomaterials and medical devices. Mosquito-inspired microneedles have been fabricated from a variety of materials, including biocompatible metals and polymers, to mimic of the mouthparts that some mosquitoes use to bite a host with minimal injury during blood collection. The salivary components that these mosquitoes use to reduce the clotting of blood extracted during the biting process provide a rich source of anticoagulants that could potentially be integrated into blood-contacting biomaterials or administered in therapeutics to reduce the risk of thrombosis. Mosquito movement, vision, and olfaction are other behaviors that also have the potential for inspiring the development of medically relevant technologies. For instance, viscoelastic proteins that facilitate mosquito movement are being investigated for use in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. Even the non-wetting nanostructure of a mosquito eye has inspired the creation of a robust superhydrophobic surface coating that shows promise for biomaterial and drug delivery applications. Additionally, biosensors incorporating mosquito olfactory receptors have been built to detect disease-specific volatile organic compounds. Advanced technologies derived from mosquitoes, and insects in general, form a research area that is ripe for exploration and can uncover potential in further dissecting mosquito features for the continued development of novel medical innovations.

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Section: Mosquito-derived Polymers With Anticoagulant Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mosquito-derived Polymers With Anticoagulant Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biting Innovations of Mosquito-Based Biomaterials and Medical Devices

Dixon

Vondra

2022

Materials

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“…The subsequent short rise in voltage level (emf) at higher Ri levels shows maintenance of electrical contact. We hypothesize that analgesic, anti-coagulant saliva secreted on the skin surface could mask insertion of the stylets into the human host James 1995, 1996;Ha et al 2014).…”

Section: Biological Meanings Of Mosquito Epg Waveformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waveforms From Stylet Probing of the Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Measured by AC–DC Electropenetrography

Wayadande

Backus

Noden

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Electropenetrography (EPG) has been used for many years to visualize unseen stylet probing behaviors of plant-feeding piercing–sucking insects, primarily hemipterans. Yet, EPG has not been extensively used with blood-feeding insects. In this study, an AC–DC electropenetrograph with variable input resistors (Ri), i.e., amplifier sensitivities, was used to construct a waveform library for the mosquito arbovirus vector, Aedes aegypti (Linneaus), while feeding on human hands. EPG waveforms representing feeding activities were: 1) electrically characterized, 2) defined by visual observation of biological activities, 3) analyzed for differences in appearance by Ri level and type of applied signal (AC or DC), and 4) quantified. Electrical origins of waveforms were identified from five different Ri levels and AC versus DC. Mosquitoes produced short stylet probes (‘bites’) that typically contained five waveform families. Behaviors occurred in the following order: surface salivation (waveform family J), stylet penetration through the outer skin (K), penetration of deeper tissues and location of blood vessels/pathway activities (L), active ingestion with engorgement (M), and an unknown behavior that terminated the probe (N). Only K, L, and M were performed by every insect. A kinetogram of conditional probabilities for waveform performance demonstrated plasticity among individuals in L and M, which were alternated. Now that EPG waveforms for mosquito feeding have been defined, EPG can be used as a tool for improved biological understanding of mosquito-borne diseases.

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“…During a subsequent blood meal, the infectious mosquito inoculates virus and insect-derived molecules, including salivary components, into the dermis of a new human host. The saliva from hematophagous mosquitoes is a cocktail of pharmacologically active molecules, some of which are anti-hemostatic, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory [5][6][7] . Over the last couple decades, several animal and in vitro studies demonstrated that inoculation of vector saliva, and/or concomitant blood-feeding by an arthropod, can immunomodulate the host antiviral response in the skin and periphery [7][8][9][10] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-in-human evaluation of cutaneous innate and adaptive immunomodulation by mosquito bites

Guerrero

Lon³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Mosquito-borne viruses are a growing global threat. Initial viral inoculation occurs in the skin via the mosquito ‘bite’, eliciting immune responses that shape the establishment of infection and pathogenesis. To understand these phenomena, we assessed the cutaneous innate and adaptive immune responses via controlled Aedes aegypti feedings in humans living in an Aedes-endemic country. Gene expression profiling and immunophenotyping revealed induction of neutrophil degranulation and recruitment of skin-resident dendritic cells and M2-macrophages. As the immune reaction progressed over time, T cell priming and regulatory pathways were upregulated along with a shift to a Th2-driven response and CD8+ T cell activation. In accordance, participants’ bitten skin cells produced less pro-inflammatory cytokines when stimulated by Ae. aegypti salivary gland extract. These results identify key immune genes, cell types, and pathways in the human response to mosquito bites that can be leveraged to develop novel therapeutics and vector-targeted vaccine candidates to arboviral diseases.Graphical Abstract

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Detection of Heparin in the Salivary Gland and Midgut of Aedes togoi

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Biting Innovations of Mosquito-Based Biomaterials and Medical Devices

Biting Innovations of Mosquito-Based Biomaterials and Medical Devices

Waveforms From Stylet Probing of the Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Measured by AC–DC Electropenetrography

First-in-human evaluation of cutaneous innate and adaptive immunomodulation by mosquito bites

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