Examining the time course of young and older adults’ mimicry of enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles.

Slessor, Gillian; Bailey, Phoebe E.; Rendell, Peter G.; Ruffman, Ted; Henry, Julie D.; Miles, Lynden K.

doi:10.1037/a0035825

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…In fact, the zygomatic muscle was relaxed (in comparison to the pre-stimulus level) in response to a neutral face in the BW block. Decreased zygomatic activity in response to neutral faces has been observed also in some previous studies 45 . Thus, the present results suggest that the participants may have a heightened awareness of not smiling in response to another’s neutral face when they know to be watched by the other person.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

The effect of being watched on facial EMG and autonomic activity in response to another individual’s facial expressions

Hietanen

Kylliäinen

Peltola

2019

Sci Rep

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We tested if facial reactions to another person’s facial expressions depend on the self-relevance of the observed expressions. In the present study (n = 44), we measured facial electromyographic (zygomatic and corrugator) activity and autonomic arousal (skin conductance) responses to a live model’s smiling and neutral faces. In one condition, the participant and the model were able to see each other normally, whereas in the other condition, the participant was led to believe that the model could not see the participant. The results showed that the increment of zygomatic activity in response to smiling faces versus neutral faces was greater when the participants believed they were being watched than it was when the participants believed they were not being watched. However, zygomatic responses to smiles did not differ between the conditions, while the results suggested that the participants’ zygomatic responses to neutral faces seemed to attenuate in the condition of believing they were being watched. Autonomic responses to smiling faces were greater in the belief of being watched than in the belief of not being watched condition. The results suggest that the self-relevance of another individual’s facial expression modulates autonomic arousal responses and to a lesser extent facial EMG responses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

The effect of being watched on facial EMG and autonomic activity in response to another individual’s facial expressions

Hietanen

Kylliäinen

Peltola

2019

Sci Rep

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“…The first key finding to emerge was, as predicted, both younger and older adults responded with greater zygomaticus activity to positive relative to negative stimuli and greater corrugator activity to negative relative to positive stimuli across both supraliminal and subliminal conditions. These findings align with prior studies that indicate emotionally congruent facial responding to emotional stimuli is intact in late adulthood Hühnel et al, 2014;Reminger et al, 2000;Slessor et al, 2014), even to subliminally presented Note. Scale from 1 (displeasure) to 5 (neutral) to 9 (pleasure).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Age invariance in rapid facial affective reactions to emotionally valenced stimuli

Nangle

Bailey

Henry

et al. 2018

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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It has been suggested that an age-related positivity effect may only occur in the context of explicit information processing, but it is unclear whether this bias extends to the processing of rapid facial reactions. In addition, most studies that have looked for evidence of age-related implicit positivity have used attentional (as opposed to sensory) unawareness paradigms, or used broad-based indicators of attentional awareness that do not speak to the nature of the affective response. In the present study, younger and older adults were therefore asked to view non-facial images presented supraliminally (i.e., consciously) as well as outside of sensory awareness (i.e., subliminally) while their facial reactions were indexed using electromyography. The results indicated that both younger and older adults exhibited rapid facial reactions congruent with the emotional valence of non-facial images in both supraliminal and subliminal conditions. Relative to young, older adults did not respond with greater zygomaticus (cheek) activity to positive stimuli or reduced corrugator (brow) activity to negative stimuli in either condition. These data show that rapid facial reactions to emotional stimuli are intact in late adulthood, even in response to stimuli that activate more automatic and implicit forms of emotion processing. However, there is no evidence for any age-related positivity bias in these behavioral responses.

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“…Furthermore, results obtained for Zygomaticus EMG activity enhance the relevance of the Age-group membership influence on facial mimicry of negative expressions. According to recent evidence about the relation between mimicry of smiles and age [48] , an effect of group membership on Zygomatic muscle (whose greater activity was exclusively related with Joy facial expressions) was not found. This result confirmed that, thanks to their positive and powerful affiliative nature, joy facial expressions would overrule Age-group boundaries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

When Age Matters: Differences in Facial Mimicry and Autonomic Responses to Peers' Emotions in Teenagers and Adults

Ardizzi

Sestito

Martini³

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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Age-group membership effects on explicit emotional facial expressions recognition have been widely demonstrated. In this study we investigated whether Age-group membership could also affect implicit physiological responses, as facial mimicry and autonomic regulation, to observation of emotional facial expressions. To this aim, facial Electromyography (EMG) and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) were recorded from teenager and adult participants during the observation of facial expressions performed by teenager and adult models. Results highlighted that teenagers exhibited greater facial EMG responses to peers' facial expressions, whereas adults showed higher RSA-responses to adult facial expressions. The different physiological modalities through which young and adults respond to peers' emotional expressions are likely to reflect two different ways to engage in social interactions with coetaneous. Findings confirmed that age is an important and powerful social feature that modulates interpersonal interactions by influencing low-level physiological responses.

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Examining the time course of young and older adults’ mimicry of enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles.

Cited by 21 publications

References 61 publications

The effect of being watched on facial EMG and autonomic activity in response to another individual’s facial expressions

The effect of being watched on facial EMG and autonomic activity in response to another individual’s facial expressions

Age invariance in rapid facial affective reactions to emotionally valenced stimuli

When Age Matters: Differences in Facial Mimicry and Autonomic Responses to Peers' Emotions in Teenagers and Adults

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