Serosurveillance of Schmallenberg virus in Switzerland using bulk tank milk samples

Balmer, S.; Vögtlin, Andrea; Thür, Barbara; Büchi, Martina; Abril, Carlos; Houmard, Matthias; Danuser, J.; Schwermer, Heinzpeter

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.026

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The seroprevalence in small ruminants, however, was lower and differed regionally (41). An equally rapid increase of the betweenherd seroprevalence in cattle was found in Switzerland: seropositivity in bulk milk samples from Swiss dairy cattle was barely 20% in July 2012, but by December that year it had increased to 99.5% (42).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 93%

Schmallenberg virus infection

Wernike¹,

Elbers²,

Beer³

2015

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Since Schmallenberg virus, an orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup, was identified near the German-Dutch border for the first time in late 2011 it has spread extremely quickly and caused a large epidemic in European livestock. The virus, which is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, infects domestic and wild ruminants. Adult animals show only mild clinical symptoms or none at all, whereas an infection during a critical period of gestation can lead to abortion, stillbirth or the birth of severely malformed offspring. The impact of the disease is usually greater in sheep than in cattle. Vaccination could be an important aspect of disease control.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 93%

Schmallenberg virus infection

Wernike¹,

Elbers²,

Beer³

2015

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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“…Between December 2011 and January 2013, abortions, stillbirths and the birth of malformed lambs, calves and kids linked to SBV infection, and seroconversion to SBV, were reported throughout continental Europe [ 2 ]. Almost complete national seroconversion to SBV over a 12 month period was demonstrated in Belgium [ 3 ], the Netherlands [ 4 ] and Switzerland [ 5 ]. Both Dutch and Swiss serology studies appear to show rapid and almost uniform transmission of SBV features consistent with an aerial vector-borne disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and distribution of exposure to Schmallenberg virus in Irish cattle during October 2012 to November 2013

Barrett¹,

O’Neill³

et al. 2015

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundSchmallenberg virus (SBV) was first identified in November 2011. It is a novel Orthobunyavirus (family Bunyaviridae) whose main ill effect is congenital malformation of the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. It is borne by Culicoides spp., and has spread extensively in western Europe. The first case of SBV in Ireland was diagnosed in October 2012. It was anticipated that once the virus emerged in Ireland that there would be wide scale or nationwide spread over the course of the 2013 vector season. The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence and distribution of exposure to Schmallenberg virus in Irish cattle from November 2012 to November 2013.MethodsSamples of brain for the pathology based surveillance were collected from malformed bovine and ovine foetuses submitted for post mortem examination. These samples were tested for SBV using RT-qPCR. Three serological surveys were carried out on sera submitted for the national brucellosis eradicartion programme. A spatial analysis of both sets of data was carried out.ResultsBetween October 2012 and 10th May 2013, SBV was confirmed by RT-qPCR in brain tissues from malformed foetuses obtained from 49 cattle herds and 30 sheep flocks in Ireland. In national serosurveys conducted between November 2012 until November 2013 the herd-level and animal-level SBV seroprevalences in cattle were 53 and 36 % respectively for the first survey, 51 and 35 % for the second survey and 53 and 33 % for the third survey. The herd level seroprevalence in counties ranged from 0 to 100 %, with the counties in the south and southeast having the highest seroprevalence (>50 %), the midlands a moderate herd level seroprevalence (10–50 %) while northern and north western counties had a low herd level seroprevalence (0–10 %). There was close spatial agreement between the results of the two different targeted surveillance strategies.ConclusionsAt the end of the 2012 vector season, there was widespread exposure to SBV among herds in southern and south eastern Ireland. During 2013, there was little or no evidence of further outward spread, unlike the situation in several other European countries. Given the lack of evidence for circulation of the virus since 2012, it is likely that the younger age cohort in herds previously exposed to SBV and substantial proportions of animals of all ages on the margins of affected areas are immunologically naïve to SBV, and would be susceptible to infection if the virus were to re-emerge.

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“…an average of 3-4 days (Gubbins et al, 2014), but SBV serum-neutralizing antibodies can be detected in cattle for as long as 24 months post-infection (Elbers et al, 2014). The detection of SBV nucleic acid has not been reported Drew et al (1999); Houe (1999); Kramps et al (1999) Olde Riekerink et al (2006Riekerink et al ( , 2010) S. agalactiae Keefe (1997) in milk, but antibodies to SBV can be detected in an individual cow and bulk tank milk samples using commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) (Balmer et al, 2014;Johnson et al, 2014;Daly et al, 2015). Although test performance estimates are not available (diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity), results of bulk tank milk ELISA testing were predictive of within-herd seroprevalence and herd immunity (Collins et al, 2017).…”

Section: Schmallenberg Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herd-level infectious disease surveillance of livestock populations using aggregate samples

Rotolo

Main

Zimmerman

2018

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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All sectors of livestock production are in the process of shifting from small populations on many farms to large populations on fewer farms. A concurrent shift has occurred in the number of livestock moved across political boundaries. The unintended consequence of these changes has been the appearance of multifactorial diseases that are resistant to traditional methods of prevention and control. The need to understand complex animal health conditions mandates a shift toward the collection of longitudinal animal health data. Historically, collection of such data has frustrated and challenged animal health specialists. A promising trend in the evolution toward more efficient and effective livestock disease surveillance is the increased use of aggregate samples, e.g. bulk tank milk and oral fluid specimens. These sample types provide the means to monitor disease, estimate herd prevalence, and evaluate spatiotemporal trends in disease distribution. Thus, this article provides an overview of the use of bulk tank milk and pen-based oral fluids in the surveillance of livestock populations for infectious diseases.

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Serosurveillance of Schmallenberg virus in Switzerland using bulk tank milk samples

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Schmallenberg virus infection

Schmallenberg virus infection

Prevalence and distribution of exposure to Schmallenberg virus in Irish cattle during October 2012 to November 2013

Herd-level infectious disease surveillance of livestock populations using aggregate samples

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