Increase in number of helminth species from Dutch red foxes over a 35-year period

Franssen, Frits; Nijsse, Rolf; Mulder, Jaap; Cremers, H. J. W. M.; Dam, Cecile; Takumi, Katsuhisa; Giessen, Joke van der

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-166

Cited by 38 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…recent unpublished observations by local vets reporting chronic respiratory signs associated with a lung pattern compatible with angiostrongylosis suggest that the area is endemic for A. vasorum. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) could be responsible for the introduction and spreading of the parasite as recently described in The Netherlands [26]. Clearly, additional studies in both final and intermediate hosts as well as proper information of practitioners regarding diagnosis and treatments are needed taking into account that highly effective drugs such as fenbendazole [27], moxidectin [27,28] and milbemycin oxime [29,30] are widely available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of a fatal autochthonous canine Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in Belgium

Jolly

Poncelet²,

Lempereur

et al. 2015

Parasitology International

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Canine angiostrongylosis is considered as an emergent disease in Europe and Canada. A fatal case of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection is described in a four and a half month old puppy born in Belgium. The dog was presented with marked neurological disorders, body weight loss, a profound weakness and mild respiratory signs. The dog was given antibiotics and mucolytic compounds with very little improvement and consequently was referred to a specialist for additional examinations. As the general condition of the dog was rapidly declining, the animal was euthanized shortly after on its owners' request and a necropsy was carried out. Extensive gross pulmonary lesions were observed and histopathological examination revealed the presence of numerous larvae with morphology compatible with A. vasorum. Larvae were also found in the product of a bronchoalveolar lavage but fecal material was not examined. The presence of A. vasorum circulating serum antigen was demonstrated through ELISA; additionally an A. vasorum specific PCR was performed on brain material and yielded a positive result. This case confirms that the clinical diagnosis of canine angiostrongylosis can be very challenging especially when respiratory signs are absent or very mild such in the present case. This is the first reported case of canine angiostrongylosis in Belgium.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of a fatal autochthonous canine Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in Belgium

Jolly

Poncelet²,

Lempereur

et al. 2015

Parasitology International

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“…In the last few years, prevalence around 40 % or higher have been found in different epidemiological studies. For example the prevalence in Slovenia was 58.9 % (Vergles Rataj et al, 2013), in Denmark 54.4 % or 84.1 % respectively (Al-Sabi et al, 2013;Franssen et al, 2014), and in Lithuania 76.9 % (Bružin-skaitė- Schmidhalter et al, 2012). Previous studies from the other regions of Italy reported a prevalence of 39.1 % of infected foxes among 129 examined in Tuscany (Magi et al, 2009), and 51.3 % of 645 foxes in northern Italy (and specifi cally in the regions Aosta Valley, Lombardy, Trentino Alto Adige and Veneto) (Di Cerbo et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-west Italy

et al. 2016

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SummaryA total of 180 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from an area scarcely investigated of north-west Italy, were examined for intestinal helminths using sedimentation and counting technique (SCT). Faecal samples were submitted to centrifugation with 50 % zinc sulphate used as fl otation solution. No fox was found completely negative for intestinal helminths. The most frequently identifi ed nematodes were Uncinaria stenocephala (70.0 %), Molineus legerae (27.2 %), Toxocara canis (26.7 %), Toxascaris leonina (25.6 %), Trichuris vulpis (21.1 %), Aonchotheca putorii (8.9 %), Pterygodermatites affi nis (5.6 %). Genus Mesocestoides (81.7 %), family Dilepididae (29.4 %) and Taenia spp. (8.3 %) were the most prevalent cestodes. All foxes were negative for E. multilocularis and E. granulosus. In two foxes trematodes belonging to the family Plagiorchidae were found. The study highlighted that foxes are hosts of intestinal helminths of veterinary and medical importance which may be transmitted to dogs and humans.

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“…6.5 (4.1-9.0) 2 (Jonas & Hahn, 1984;Jonas & Dräger, 1998) 33.8 (-) 1 (Jonas & Dräger, 1998) Saarland 25.6 (19.9-31.3) 2 (Ahlmann, 1996, Meine & Müller, 1996 No data Enge, 1996) No data Schleswig-Holstein 0.2 (0.0-0.4) 3 (Lucius et al, 1988;Nebel, 1996) 0.0 (-) 1 (Manke & Stoye, 1998) (Soldati et al, 1976;Rossi et al, 1983 ;Poglayen et al, 1985 ;Leoni et al, 1986;Iori et al, 1990 ;Guberti & Poglayen, 1991) 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 3 (Di Cerbo et al, 2008;Calderini et al, 2009;Magi et al, 2009) (Ahlmann, 1996;EFSA, 2006;EFSA, 2007;EFSA, 2013a; EFSA, 2015a) Netherlands 0.0 (-) 1 (Borgsteede, 1984) 9.4 (0.7-59.5) 3 (Takumi et al, 2008;Van der Giessen et al, 2004;Van der Giessen et al, 1998;Franssen et al, 2014;Maas et al, 2014) Poland 2.6 (-) 1 (Malczewski et al, 1999) (data until 1998) 15.1 (1.0-20.1) 8 (Borecka et al, 2008;Karamon et al, 2008;Karamon et al, 2011;Borecka et al, 2007;Malczewski et al, 2008;Borecka et al, 2009;Pacon et al, 2006;Karamon et al, 2014 (Ewald & Eckert, 1993;Alther, 1996) 48.5 (44.3-52.7) 2 (Hofer et al, 2000;…”

Section: Countrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals

Butterworth¹

2015

EFS2

134

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms carnivore species can maintain the lifecycle in the absence of red fox, and this makes it to most relevant target species for surveillance. Movement of infected definitive hosts is an important introduction pathway. The knowledge on the geographical distribution of the environmental factors for the persistence of the lifecycle is scarce. In areas where no suitable autochthonous wild canid hosts and no highly suitable intermediate hosts are present, e.g. Malta, establishment of the EM cycle is considered close to impossible. Such countries do not need to carry out surveillance on domestic dogs to substantiate absence of EM in the relevant animal population. Reconsideration of some aspects of the current legislation regarding surveillance activities might be relevant; for example the identification of epidemiologically relevant units should be independent from political borders. Studies to improve the knowledge on epidemiological risk factors should be encouraged to enable risk-based sampling. Echinococcus notification should always be done at species level in order to discriminate between the more severe alveolar echinococcosis and the cystic echinococcosis. Praziquantel is the substance of choice for the treatment of dogs. However, the treatment window should be reconsidered to reduce the risk of re-infection: a general rule is to treat as close as possible to entry into a non-infected country. There is a lack of standardization of the diagnostic methods between laboratories. The diagnostic sensitivity of the tests should be established in accordance to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) standards for validation. For the time being, the diagnostic sensitivity can be set conservatively to 78%. SCIENTIFIC OPINION © European Food Safety Authority, 2015Keywords: Echinococcus multilocularis, echinococcosis, hosts, risk factors, diagnosis, surveillance, Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. E. multilocularis infections in animalswww.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 3 EFSA Journal 2015;13(15):4373 SummaryHuman alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. It is amongst one of the most dangerous zoonoses. Naturally the parasite transmits between foxes or dogs and small mammals whilst humans are aberrant intermediate hosts.In rodents, the larval mass proliferates rapidly by exogenous budding of germinative tissue and produces an alveolar-like pattern of microvesicles filled with protoscolices. In humans, the larval mass resembles a malignancy in appearance and behavior, because it proliferates indefinitely by exogenous budding and invades the surrounding tissues (Moro et al., 2008). Transmission of A...

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Increase in number of helminth species from Dutch red foxes over a 35-year period

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

First report of a fatal autochthonous canine Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in Belgium

First report of a fatal autochthonous canine Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in Belgium

Intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-west Italy

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals

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