Trend analysis of anonymised pooled urine from portable street urinals in central London identifies variation in the use of novel psychoactive substances

Archer, John R. H.; Dargan, Paul I.; Lee, H. M. D.; Hudson, Simon

doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.885982

Cited by 51 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…DMAA was always considered to be prohibited by WADA, as a substance with a similar chemical structure or similar biological effect to listed stimulants. [21] Nevertheless, the study could not differentiate its presence as being part of an energy supplement or taken as an NPS. In the WADA Adverse Atypical Findings for 2009, methylhexaneamine (DMAA) was ranked joint third in the stimulant class.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Running an unknown risk: a marathon death associated with the use of 1,3‐dimethylamylamine (DMAA)

Archer

Dargan

Lostia

et al. 2015

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Running an unknown risk: a marathon death associated with the use of 1,3‐dimethylamylamine (DMAA)

Archer

Dargan

Lostia

et al. 2015

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…However, DMAA has still been found in the general public. DMAA was detected in 25% urine samples collected from portable street urinals in central London [15, 16]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of controlled doses of Oxyelite Pro on physical performance in rats

et al. 2016

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BackgroundOxyElite Pro (OEP) is a dietary supplement to increase metabolism which contains as key stimulant the ingredient 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Serious adverse effects have been reported after OEP consumption however, these effects are related to poisoning or overdose. To our knowledge, no one studied the effects of OEP at controlled doses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute and chronic OEP affects, at controlled doses in Wistar rats, on physical performance, metabolic parameters, liver injury markers and oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle.MethodsRats were divided in control, 4.3 mg OEP/kg, 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 25.8 mg OEP/kg. All groups were submitted to supplementation with OEP for 4 weeks and the experimental protocols were performed 30 min after the first OEP administration (acute response) and 30 min after the last OEP administration at the end of the forth week (chronic response).ResultsRunning distance and running time increased after acute administration of 12.9 mg OEP/kg (2.6-fold) and 25.8 mg OEP/kg (2.8-fold). Since no effect on the exercise tolerance test was observed at the lower OEP dose (4.3 mg OEP/kg), this group was removed from further analyzes. On other hand, running distance and running time decreased after daily supplementation for 4 weeks also in both groups (64% in 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 72% in 25.8 mg OEP/kg). Chronic supplementation at both 12.9 and 25.8 mg OEP/kg decreased TBARS levels in soleus muscle (36 and 31%) and liver (43 and 25%). AOPP was also decreased by both doses in the liver (39 and 45%). Chronic administration of the highest dose, 25.8 mg OEP/kg, was able to reduce mRNA expression of PGC-1α in soleus muscle (25%). No effect was found in other analyses such as spontaneous physical activity, body weight, food and water intake, hepatic toxicity, cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA amount.ConclusionMaximum and not recommended doses of OEP ingested acutely presented stimulating effect on the ability to exercise. However, its daily consumption for 4 weeks showed antioxidant effects in soleus muscle and liver which may have decreased the PGC-1α mRNA expression on soleus muscle and contributed to the impaired performance in the exercise tolerance test.

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“…[59,66,67,69] Likewise, in studies evaluating substances found in seizures during legal investigations [72] or identifying substances found in the urinals in London, [73] MXE is regularly quoted. It is also regularly found, as are other new synthetic drugs, as a cutting agent in MDMA, amphetamine, ketamine or cocaine.…”

Section: Methoxetaminementioning

confidence: 99%

New Synthetic Drugs in Addictovigilance

et al. 2015

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-New substances, also known as "designer drugs" or "legal highs" are increasingly available to drug users. Two hundred and fifteen hitherto unlisted substances have been notified by European Union member states since 2005. These synthetic drugs, which have been developed to side-step the legislation on drugs, are analogues or derivatives of existing drugs and medications. The availability of these "legal highs", sold on Internet under various denominations such as bath salt, plant fertilizer, chemical not intended for human use, or spice, is unlimited. The effects felt by users vary, and the substances may be stimulant, entactogenic, hallucinogenic, psychedelic or dissociative. The pharmacological targets also vary, and may be either the increase of extracellular levels of neurotransmitters via different mechanisms (reuptake inhibition, stimulation of intracellular release) or else fixation on specific receptors. Several chemical classes, themselves divided into sub-classes, are involved: phenethylamines, tryptamines, piperazines, cathinones, cannabinoids etc. The toxicity of the main members of these categories is increasingly well known, the most deleterious being behavioural effects, physical manifestations, and cardiovascular consequences. However, small variations in their chemical structure can generate effects that are quantitatively different, thus enhancing their toxicity or addictive potential, and much remains to be achieved in terms of knowledge about these new drugs. These substances are indeed present on the French territory, as shown by data provided by the Observatoire Français des Drogues et Toxicomanies, and notifications by the French Addictovigilance network. Screening in clinical toxicology laboratories is not widespread, since these molecules are not detected by the standard screening tests, so that there is probably an under-estimation of the use of these new drugs. The legislation on these substances changes regularly, with more and more countries classifying them as "narcotics" or illegal psychotropic drugs so as to restrict their use, applying a generic classification when possible.

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Trend analysis of anonymised pooled urine from portable street urinals in central London identifies variation in the use of novel psychoactive substances

Cited by 51 publications

References 10 publications

Running an unknown risk: a marathon death associated with the use of 1,3‐dimethylamylamine (DMAA)

Running an unknown risk: a marathon death associated with the use of 1,3‐dimethylamylamine (DMAA)

Effects of controlled doses of Oxyelite Pro on physical performance in rats

New Synthetic Drugs in Addictovigilance

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