“…Animal models of FASD have demonstrated detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on placental size, structure, and function, although the majority of studies have been conducted in vitro using cell cultures and/or tissue sections (Burd et al., ). Alcohol exposure has been associated with trophoblast cell death via apoptosis in human placenta‐derived cell cultures (Clave et al., ; Lui et al., ) and decreased placental size (Andersson et al., ; Hollstedt et al., ; Kaminski et al., ; Niemelä et al., ). In a rat model, Gundogan and colleagues () found an alcohol‐related decrease in placental thickness, with the greatest effects in the labyrinthine layer, as well as an increase in untransformed maternal vessels, which result in diminished placental blood flow and nutrient transfer to the fetus.…”