Resistant starch type 4-enriched diet lowered blood cholesterols and improved body composition in a double blind controlled cross-over intervention

Abstract

A metabolic health crisis is evident as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of mortality in the US. Effects of resistant starch type 4 (RS4), a prebiotic fiber, in comprehensive management of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain unknown. This study examined the effects of a blinded exchange of resistant starch type-4 (RS4)-enriched flour (30% v/v) with regular/control flour (CF) diet on multiple MetS comorbidities. In a double-blind (participants-investigators), placebo-controlled, cluster crossover intervention (n=86, age ≥18, 2–12week interventions, 2week washout) in the US, individuals were classified as having MetS (With-MetS) or not (No-MetS) following International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-criteria. RS4 consumption compared with CF resulted in 7.2% (p=0.002) lower mean total cholesterol (TC), 5.5% (p=0.04) lower non-HDL, and a 12.8% (p<0.001) lower HDL cholesterol in the With-MetS group. No-MetS individuals had a 2.6% (p=0.02) smaller waist circumference and 1.5% (p=0.03) lower percent body fat following RS4 intervention compared to CF. A small but significant 1% increase in fat-free mass was observed in all participants combined (p=0.02). No significant effect of RS4 was observed for glycemic variables and blood pressures. RS4 consumption improved dyslipidemia and body composition. Incorporation of RS4 in routine diets could offer an effective strategy for public metabolic-CVD health promotion. The clinicaltrials.gov-reference NCT01887964.

Resistant starches for the management of metabolic diseases

“…Also of interest, Nichenametla et al found that only healthy persons consuming RS4-enriched flour experienced significant (albeit it minor) effects on their waist circumference and percent body fat; no such effects were observed for individuals with metabolic syndrome [13*]. This is in line with the aforementioned Bodinham et al study where T2D patients experienced no changes in body weight, fat mass, or body fat depots despite decreases in fasting free fatty acid levels [6].…”

“…There is clearly good evidence that RS improve glucose metabolism beyond what would be expected from its reduced glycemic index, but to what extent established pathologies can be reversed is still unclear, and some studies do not show a beneficial effect on glycemic variables [12;13*]. Differences in RS intake levels, RS source, timeframe and disease status, among other factors (such as gut microbiota variation), could explain these apparent discrepancies, as discussed later in this review.…”

“…Since then, Nichenametla and colleagues published a human crossover, dietary intervention comparing effects of RS4-enriched flour with regular flour in healthy individuals and subjects with metabolic syndrome. Patients with metabolic syndrome experienced significant improvements in their blood cholesterol profiles [13*]. Similarly, Dodevska et al showed that increasing RS intake during a lifestyle intervention for prediabetic overweight and obese adults significantly decreased their total serum cholesterol levels [12].…”

Characterization and Prebiotic Effect of the Resistant Starch from Purple Sweet Potato

“…Resistant starch has been proved to exhibit potential health benefits, including reducing the glycemic response [6], lowering blood cholesterol [7], acting as a functional probiotic [8], and increasing the production of short chain fatty acids in the large intestine [9].…”

Effects of diets containing Cissus rotundifolia flour on lipid profile of rats and postprandial glucose levels of normoglycemic human adults

“…CR has some similarity with konjac mannan, both contain soluble NSP, although one is described as a root and the other a stem, they are both "woody" parts of plants which contain viscous soluble NSP. The result of this study shows that CR flour has the same physiological effect on human and animals just as konjac mannan due to the similarity their physico-chemical properties (Nichenametla et al, 2014). CR had a viscosity of 5.5 dl/g, and a SNSP content of 14.6 g/100 g (Onyechi et al, 2007).…”