Genotyping of canine distemper virus strains circulating in Brazil from 2008 to 2012

Abstract

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major pathogen of dogs and represents a serious threat to both unvaccinated and vaccinated animals. This study surveyed dogs with or without clinical signs related to canine distemper from different regions of Brazil from 2008 to 2012. A total of 155 out of 386 animals were found to be CDV positive by RT-PCR; 37 (23.8%) dogs were asymptomatic at the time of sampling, and 90 (58%) displayed clinical signs suggestive of distemper. Nineteen (12.2%) dogs had a record of complete vaccination, 15 (9.6%) had an incomplete vaccination protocol, and 76 (49%) had no vaccination record. Based on the sequence analysis of the complete hemagglutinin gene of 13 samples, 12 of the strains were characterized as Genotype South America-I/Europe. Considering criteria of at least 95% nucleotide identity to define a genotype and 98% to define a subgenotype, South America-I/Europe sequences segregated into eight different phylogenetically well-defined clusters that circulated or co-circulated in distinct geographical areas. Together, these findings highlight the relevance of CDV infection in Brazilian dogs, demonstrate the predominance of one genotype in Brazil and support the need to intensify the current control measures.

Caracterização genética do gene da hemaglutinina em vírus da cinomose canina de cães naturalmente infectados no Brasil

“…However, the Brazilian CDVs varied over 4% compared to the strains belonging to South America 2 (PANZERA et al, 2012) and South America 3 lineages (ESPINAL et al, 2014), demonstrating that these CDVs are grouped with strains from different lineages. This finding is consistent with the report by Budaszewski et al (2014) and Panzera et al (2015), who considered the South America 1 and Europe 1 belonging to same clade and the same lineage. Panzera et al (2012Panzera et al ( , 2015 claim that these strains originated from the South America 2 subgroup, are related to Europe 2 lineage (European wildlife lineage), and were most likely transferred from dogs to wild animals.…”

“…The canine distemper virus (CDV) belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. CDV is an enveloped negative single-stranded RNA virus, and its genome encodes six structural proteins; the Haemagglutinin (H) glycoprotein has been used to characterize field strains (MARTELLA et al, 2006;PANZERA et al, 2012;NEGRÃO et al, 2013;BUDASZEWSKI et al, 2014). CDV is mainly controlled by vaccination using attenuated vaccines, but reports of the disease in vaccinated animals suggest that there are antigenic differences between wild CDV and the strains used in the vaccines that primarily occur in the haemagglutinin glycoprotein (BAE et al, 2013).…”

Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: a wildlife perspective

“…Sequence analyses indicate that the H-protein undergoes genetic drift related to geographical regions, clustering into America 1 (including almost all commercially available vaccine strains), America 2, Asia 1 and 2, Europe/ South America 1, Europe wildlife, South America 2 and 3, Arctic, Rockborn-like, Africa and Africa 2 [28][29][30]. Genotypes are defined on the basis of strains falling within the same clade sharing >95 % amino acid similarity in their Hprotein [31]. Infection of CDV may be prevented by an adequate host immune response against the H-protein [21], making the H-protein a suitable target for investigating polymorphism of CDV isolates and for molecular epidemiological studies [28,[31][32][33][34].…”

“…Genotypes are defined on the basis of strains falling within the same clade sharing >95 % amino acid similarity in their Hprotein [31]. Infection of CDV may be prevented by an adequate host immune response against the H-protein [21], making the H-protein a suitable target for investigating polymorphism of CDV isolates and for molecular epidemiological studies [28,[31][32][33][34].…”

Rapid and sensitive detection of canine distemper virus by one-tube reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction

“…CDV has been classified into several genetic lineages based on diversity among strains from distinct geographic locations. There are 7 major CDV lineages, America-1, America-2, European, European Wildlife, Asia-1, Asia-2, and Arctic like [13], as well as some additional proposed ones that have been more recently discovered, including Asia-3 [14], Asia-4 [15], Africa [13], Europe/South America 1 (European), South America 2, and South America 3 [16][17][18][19]. The Onderstepoort and Snyder Hill strains, members of the America-1 lineage, were used widely to produce the distemper vaccines in the 1950s, and these are the same vaccines used today.…”