Abnormal fecal microbiota community and functions in patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis as revealed by a metagenomic approach

Abstract

BackgroundAssessment and characterization of human colon microbiota is now a major research area in human diseases, including in patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis (HBLC).MethodsWe recruited 120 patients with HBLC and 120 healthy controls. The fecal microbial community and functions in the two groups were analyzed using high-throughput Solexa sequencing of the complete metagenomic DNA and bioinformatics methods.ResultsCommunity and metabolism-wide changes of the fecal microbiota in 20 HBLC patients and 20 healthy controls were observed and compared. A negative correlation was observed between the Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores and Bacteroidetes (P < 0.01), whereas a positive correlation was observed between the scores and Enterobacteriaceae and Veillonella (P < 0.01). Analysis of the additional 200 fecal microbiota samples demonstrated that these intestinal microbial markers might be useful for distinguishing liver cirrhosis microbiota samples from normal ones. The functional diversity was significantly reduced in the fecal microbiota of cirrhotic patients compared with in the controls. At the module or pathway levels, the fecal microbiota of the HBLC patients showed enrichment in the metabolism of glutathione, gluconeogenesis, branched-chain amino acid, nitrogen, and lipid (P < 0.05), whereas there was a decrease in the level of aromatic amino acid, bile acid and cell cycle related metabolism (P < 0.05).ConclusionsExtensive differences in the microbiota community and metabolic potential were detected in the fecal microbiota of cirrhotic patients. The intestinal microbial community may act as an independent organ to regulate the body’s metabolic balance, which may affect the prognosis for HBLC patients.

Community-Metabolome Correlations of Gut Microbiota from Child-Turcotte-Pugh of A and B Patients

“…Our data indicated pronounced shifts in gut bacterial community and metabolome associated with cirrhosis. The metabolic materials from cirrhotic fecal samples had a higher abundance of amine, unsaturated fatty acid, and SCFAs, whereas a lower abundance of sugar alcohol and amino acid, similar with previous research from Wei et al (2013), which suggested that fecal microbiota from cirrhotic patients contained an enrichment in amino acid transport and metabolism, energy production and conversion, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism as revealed by metagenomic approach.…”

Clinical and Pathophysiological Consequences of Alterations in the Microbiome in Cirrhosis

“…Cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B were found to have a metagenomic profi le characterized by an enrichment in the metabolism of glutathione, gluconeogenesis, branched-chain amino acid, nitrogen, and lipids, with a decrease in the level of aromatic amino acid, bile acid, and cell cycle-related metabolism ( 44 ). Qin et al ( 19 ) observed that the microbiome of cirrhotic patients had an over-representation of products of nitrate and ammonia metabolism, de-nitrifi cation, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) more physiological metabolites.…”

Effect by Intestinal Microbiom on the Progression of Viral Hepatitis

“…Участие в реакциях гуморального и клеточного иммунитета [38], защита от гепатотропных вирусов [59], противовоспалительный эффект [37], биосинтез же лчных кислот [33,34], антихолестеринемический эффект [7], продукция КЦЖК [1,15,41] Enterobacteriaceae, в т.ч. Salmonella, Shigella, EHEC, ETEC Образование патоген-ассоциированных молекулярных паттернов (бактериальные токсины, компоненты клеточной стенки, ДНК), оказывающих повреждающее действие на гепатоциты и вызывающих развитие каскада воспалительных иммунопатологических, в т.ч.…”

“…Участие в реакциях гуморального и клеточного иммунитета [38], защита от гепатотропных вирусов [59], дегидроксилирование желчных кислот [33] Porphyromonadaceae…”

“…Дегидроксилирование желчных кислот [33,56] [43,59,61,63]. Несмотря на то, что печень не находится в непосредственном контакте с живыми мик-роорганизмами, населяющими желудочно-кишечный тракт, безоговорочным является тот факт, что любые нарушения микробиоце-ноза кишечника оказывают неизбежно отри-цательное влияние на патофизиологическое и морфофункциональное состояние печени вследствие воздействия микробных патоген-ассоциированных молекулярных паттернов (PAMPs) -эндотоксинов (липополисахаридов), бактериальных метаболитов, а также бактери-альной ДНК и компонентов клеточной стенки [48].…”