Electrochemical and microfabrication strategies for remotely operated smart chemical sensors: Application of anodic stripping coulometry to calibration-free measurements of copper and mercury

Microelectrode Arrays in Thin-Layer Cells for Rapid, Sensitive, and Calibration-Less Determination of Arsenic in Μl Volumes by Anodic Stripping Coulometry

“…Our group has therefore been developing an autonomous, economical, remotely deployed sensor platform for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in water intended for use at the superfund sites, which may also be suitable for other decentralized heavy metal monitoring applications. The approach combines elements of microfabrication, microfluidics, and electrochemistry which synergistically provide inexpensive, simple to automate, mass-producible, redundant sensor networks with minimal requirements for on-site power and reagents [13][14][15][16]. This approach has been designed from the outset to take advantage of the wellknown but little-used electrochemical coulometry method, which is one of very few analytical chemistry techniques that is capable of calibration-free measurements [14,16].…”

An electrochemical instrument for the analysis of heavy metals in water via anodic stripping coulometry for applications in remote sensing.

“…The three-electrode system encompassed a fabricated gold macroelectrode for the working electrode, custom miniature Ag/AgCl reference electrode fabricated in-house described previously [35], and a pyrolytic graphite sheet as the counter electrode files from the BAS Epsilon software and using Microsoft Excel to perform calculations.…”

“…Our research group has been focused on the electrochemical detection of species in thin-layer volumes for the past decade [33][34][35][36][37]. These microfluidic devices have been created using microfabrication techniques such as stamp-and-stick and photolithography.…”

“…Several on-chip variations of electrochemical sensors have been developed and subsequently utilized for the determination of pH [33] and for the electrochemical determination of Fe(CN)6 3-/4- [34] and Cu(II) [35]. In the past few years, the research focus has shifted to the development of electrochemical sensors for possible applications in remote sensing.…”

“…Previously, our research group developed an electrochemical device for the coulometric detection of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in water [35]. This apparatus is comprised of two fluidic chambers that are separated by a membrane to isolate a gold working electrode in the bottom chamber from the graphite counter electrode and miniaturized Ag/AgCl reference electrode located in the top chamber ( Figure 5).…”