Detection of Canine Pneumovirus in Dogs with Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease

Abstract

c Canine pneumovirus (CnPnV) was recently identified during a retrospective survey of kenneled dogs in the United States. In this study, archived samples from pet and kenneled dogs in the United Kingdom were screened for CnPnV to explore the relationship between exposure to CnPnV and the development of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD). Within the pet dog population, CnPnV-seropositive dogs were detected throughout the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, with an overall estimated seroprevalence of 50% (n ‫؍‬ 314/625 dogs). In the kennel population, there was a significant increase in seroprevalence, from 26% (n ‫؍‬ 56/215 dogs) on the day of entry to 93.5% (n ‫؍‬ 201/215 dogs) after 21 days (P <0001). Dogs that were seronegative on entry but seroconverted while in the kennel were 4 times more likely to develop severe respiratory disease than those that did not seroconvert (P < 0.001), and dogs with preexisting antibodies to CnPnV on the day of entry were significantly less likely to develop respiratory disease than immunologically naive dogs (P < 0.001). CnPnV was detected in the tracheal tissues of 29/ 205 kenneled dogs. Detection was most frequent in dogs with mild to moderate respiratory signs and histopathological changes and in dogs housed for 8 to 14 days, which coincided with a significant increase in the risk of developing respiratory disease compared to the risk of those housed 1 to 7 days (P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that CnPnV is present in the United Kingdom dog population; there is a strong association between exposure to CnPnV and CIRD in the kennel studied and a potential benefit in vaccinating against CnPnV as part of a wider disease prevention strategy.

European surveillance of emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease

“…Compared to CRCoV similar overall levels of CnPnV seropositivity (41.7%), but higher detection rates (23.4%) of CnPnV were observed and are consistent with published data (Mitchell et al, 2013b). Antibodies to CnPnV were detected in dogs from all three sources, demonstrating the susceptibility of both pet and kennelled dogs to this virus.…”

“…Five microliters of RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using Random Hexameres (Qiagen, Crawley, UK) and Improm II reverse transcriptase (Promega, Southampton, UK) according to the manufacturer's protocol. CRCoV and CnPnV were detected as described previously by PCR (Erles et al, 2003) and real-time PCR (Mitchell et al, 2013b) respectively. Influenza A was detected using primers targeting a conserved region of the matrix gene (Ellis and Zambon, 2001), and the GoTaq polymerase system (Promega, Southampton, UK).…”

“…Freeze-dried murine pneumovirus and control antigen (Churchill Applied Biotechnology Ltd, Huntingdon) was prepared and used as described previously (Mitchell et al, 2013b).…”

Establishment and characterization of a telomerase-immortalized canine bronchiolar epithelial cell line

“…This disease possesses a multifactorial etiology, wherein multiple pathogens act sequentially or synergistically to cause the disease, which is common within large dog populations (Mitchell and Brownlie 2015). Currently, a number of viruses such as canine influenza virus (Crawford et al 2005;Song et al 2008), canine parainfluenza virus (Chen et al 2012;Weese and Stull 2013), canine pneumovirus (Decaro et al 2014;Mitchell et al 2013), canine distemper virus (Carvalho et al 2012;Ulrich et al 2014); bacteria such as Streptococcus (Jaeger et al 2013) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (Ellis et al 2014); and other pathogenic microorganisms, such as cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes (Traversa et al 2010), are thought to lead to canine respiratory diseases. However, compared with pathogens in humans, avian species or other mammals such as swine and mice, pathophysiological studies of canine pathogens have been largely performed in separate organs or tissues (Kang et al 2013;Zeng et al 2013).…”

Feral swine virome is dominated by single-stranded DNA viruses and contains a novel Orthopneumovirus which circulates both in feral and domestic swine

“…CPV has subsequently been identified in dogs with respiratory disease in Italy and the UK (Mitchell et al, 2013;Decaro et al, 2014). The finding of viruses closely related to MPV in multiple species with an etiological role in disease demonstrates the propensity of MPV-like viruses for interspecies transmission.…”