NAA-SLR and ICP-AES Application in the Assessment of Mass Fraction of 19 Chemical Elements in Pediatric and Young Adult Prostate Glands

Abstract

The effect of age on the mass fraction of 19 chemical elements in the intact prostate of 50 apparently healthy 0-30-year-old males was investigated by neutron activation analysis with high-resolution spectrometry of short-lived radionuclides and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Mean values (M ± standard error of the mean) for mass fraction (in milligrams per kilogram, on dry weight basis) of chemical elements were as follows: Al, 77 ± 17; B, 1.31 ± 0.29; Ba, 4.0 ± 1.2; Br, 37.7 ± 4.3; Ca, 1,536 ± 189; Cl, 13,414 ± 949; Cu, 12.3 ± 2.1; Fe, 132 ± 11; K, 11,547 ± 468; Li, 0.064 ± 0.009; Mg, 922 ± 89; Mn, 1.88 ± 0.16; Na, 9,834 ± 411; P, 6,741 ± 335; S, 8,034 ± 251; Si, 199 ± 34; Sr, 1.40 ± 0.19; and Zn, 277 ± 33. The upper limit of mean mass fraction of V was ≤0.24. This work revealed that there is significant tendency for the mass fractions of Ca, K, Mg, and Zn in the prostate tissue of healthy individuals to increase with age from the time of birth up to 30 years. It means that Ca, K, Mg, and Zn mass fractions in prostate tissue are the androgen-dependent parameters. Our finding of a positive correlation between the prostatic Zn and Ca, K, Mg, P, and S mass fractions indicates that there is a special relationship of Zn with some main electrolytes (Ca, K, and Mg) and with P- and S-containing compounds in the prostate. It was shown also that high levels of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Li, Na, and Sr mass fraction in prostate tissue do not indicate a direct involvement of these elements in the reproductive function of the prostate.

Ratios of selected chemical element contents in prostatic tissue as markers of malignancy

“…As was shown by us [18,22,47] The mean values and all selected statistical parameters were calculated for sixteen mass fraction ratios: Ca/Al, Ca/B, Ca/Ba, Ca/Mn, Table 1). The mass fraction of these chemical elements were measured in all, or a major portion of normal prostate samples.…”

“…Information detailing with the NAA-SLR and ICP-AES methods used and other details of the analysis was presented in our previous publication [15,18,21,22,28,47,65,66]. …”

“…However the INAA-SLR allow only determine the mean mass fractions of 6-7 chemical elements in the tissue samples of normal and cancerous prostate glands [15,21,28,65,66]. The inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is a more power analytical tool than INAA-SLR [18,22,47] a critical step in elemental analysis by this method. In our previous studies a combination of both analytical methods were offered for using when the results obtained for some chemical elements by ICP-AES were under the control of INAA-SLR data [47].…”

Prostatic Tissue Levels of 43 Trace Elements in Patients with Prostate Adenocarcinoma

“…Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of these elements are well known (Anghileri et al, 2000;Gordon & Bowser, 2003;Crespo-López et al, 2009;Bian et al, 2011;Gonzalez-Vasconcellos et al, 2011;Müezzinoğlu et al, 2011;Sappino et al, 2012;Helmig et al, 2013;Adámik et al, 2015;Farasani & Darbre, 2015). On the other hand, compared to human body soft tissues, the normal prostate of young adults has higher levels of many trace elements, including Zn (V. Zaichick & S. Zaichick, 2013, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2014d. Moreover, the level of Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Fe, Hg, Pb, Sc, Sn, Th, U, Zn and some other trace elements continue to increase with age (S. Zaichick & V. Zaichick, 2011, 2011a, 2011bS.…”

“…Zaichick et al, 2012b;V. Zaichick & S. Zaichick, 2013, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2014a, 2014b, 2014c, 2014dZaichick, 2015). Moreover, it was found an androgen dependence of the prostatic tissue levels of some trace elements, including Zn (V. Zaichick & S. Zaichick, 2013, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2014d.…”