Guidance on the use of respiratory and facial protection equipment

Coia, John; Ritchie, L.; Adisesh, Anil; Booth, Catherine; Bradley, C.W.; Bunyan, D.; Carson, Gail; Fry, Carole; Hoffman, Peter; Jenkins, David R.; Phin, Nicholas; Taylor, Brian; Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S.; Zuckerman, Molly K.

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2013.06.020

Cited by 125 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Respirators are intended to protect the wearer from inhaling infectious particles by filtering small infectious droplets (Coia et al, 2013; Cleveland, Robison & Panlilio, 2009). This type of PPE is effective at preventing inhalation of infectious particles; however, the cost of the product renders respirators unobtainable for healthcare facilities in LMICs, which decreases the level of protection offered (Menon, 2013; Coia et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of PPE is effective at preventing inhalation of infectious particles; however, the cost of the product renders respirators unobtainable for healthcare facilities in LMICs, which decreases the level of protection offered (Menon, 2013; Coia et al, 2013). Efforts to curtail the spread of MDR-TB is hampered by insufficient funding (WHO, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The tuberculocidal activity of polyaniline and functionalised polyanilines

Robertson

Dalton

Wiles

et al. 2016

PeerJ

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Tuberculosis is considered a leading cause of death worldwide. More than 95% of cases and deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries. In resource-limited countries, hospitals often lack adequate facilities to manage and isolate patients with infectious tuberculosis (TB), relying instead on personal protective equipment, such as facemasks, to reduce nosocomial transmission of the disease. Facemasks impregnated with an antimicrobial agent may be a cost-effective way of adding an extra level of protection against the spread of TB by reducing the risk of disease transmission. Conducting polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), and their functionalised derivatives are a novel class of antimicrobial agents with potential as non-leaching additives to provide contamination resistant surfaces. We have investigated the antimicrobial action of PANI and a functionalised derivative, poly-3-aminobenzoic acid (P3ABA), against mycobacteria and have determined the optimal treatment time and concentration to achieve significant knockdown of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis on an agar surface. Results indicated that P3ABA is a potential candidate for use as an anti-tuberculoid agent in facemasks to reduce TB transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tuberculocidal activity of polyaniline and functionalised polyanilines

Robertson

Dalton

Wiles

et al. 2016

PeerJ

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“…One day later, C. ulcerans was isolated from the admission throat swab and the patient was readmitted urgently to a side room with barrier precautions. Management with intravenous steroid and benzylpenicillin and clarithromycin antibiotics was instigated as per culture sensitivities and empirical therapy recommendations 10 11. The soft tissue swelling had reduced sufficiently to permit posterior pharyngeal wall examination and a fibrinous, adherent, thick yellow pseudomembrane was noted.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidisciplinary approach to the management of a case of classical respiratory diphtheria requiring percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding

Haywood¹,

Vijendren

Acharya

et al. 2017

BMJ Case Reports

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We present a case of a Caucasian woman aged 67 years referred with a 4-day history of sore throat, dysphagia, fever and nasal blockage. Examination revealed a swollen neck and pharyngeal pseudomembrane. A throat swab was positive on culture for , with toxin expression confirmed on PCR and Elek testing. A diagnosis of classical respiratory diphtheria was made, with subsequent confirmation of the patient's domesticated dog as the source of infection. The dog had recently been attacked by a wild badger and was being treated for an ear infection. The patient made a good recovery with intravenous antimicrobial and supportive therapy; however, she subsequently developed a diphtheritic polyneuropathy in the form of a severe bulbar palsy with frank aspiration necessitating percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding. A mild sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy was also diagnosed. The patient eventually made an almost complete recovery.

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“…Among the bacteria that cause respiratory infections, Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are frequently found in upper and lower respiratory tract infections [2,3] . Most airborne infections are transmitted by microbe-containing droplets that are expelled from infected persons [4] . However, some infections result from the inhalation of pathogen-contaminated particulate matter floating in the air [5] .…”

Section: Inactivation Of Airborne Bacteria and Viruses Using Extremelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria and Viruses Using Extremely Low Concentrations of Chlorine Dioxide Gas

Ogata¹,

Sakasegawa²,

Miura³

et al. 2016

Pharmacology

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Infectious airborne microbes, including many pathological microbes that cause respiratory infections, are commonly found in medical facilities and constitute a serious threat to human health. Thus, an effective method for reducing the number of microbes floating in the air will aid in the minimization of the incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate that chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gas at extremely low concentrations, which has no detrimental effects on human health, elicits a strong effect to inactivate bacteria and viruses and significantly reduces the number of viable airborne microbes in a hospital operating room. In one set of experiments, a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophage MS2, and bacteriophage ΦX174 were released into an exposure chamber. When ClO₂ gas at 0.01 or 0.02 parts per million (ppm, volume/volume) was present in the chamber, the numbers of surviving microbes in the air were markedly reduced after 120 min. The reductions were markedly greater than the natural reductions of the microbes in the chamber. In another experiment, the numbers of viable airborne bacteria in the operating room of a hospital collected over a 24-hour period in the presence or absence of 0.03 ppm ClO₂ gas were found to be 10.9 ± 6.7 and 66.8 ± 31.2 colony-forming units/m³ (n = 9, p < 0.001), respectively. Taken together, we conclude that ClO₂ gas at extremely low concentrations (≤0.03 ppm) can reduce the number of viable microbes floating in the air in a room. These results strongly support the potential use of ClO₂ gas at a non-toxic level to reduce infections caused by the inhalation of pathogenic microbes in nursing homes and medical facilities.

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Guidance on the use of respiratory and facial protection equipment

Cited by 125 publications

References 3 publications

The tuberculocidal activity of polyaniline and functionalised polyanilines

The tuberculocidal activity of polyaniline and functionalised polyanilines

Multidisciplinary approach to the management of a case of classical respiratory diphtheria requiring percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding

Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria and Viruses Using Extremely Low Concentrations of Chlorine Dioxide Gas

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