Red meat, Mediterranean diet and lung cancer risk among heavy smokers in the COSMOS screening study

Abstract

Among heavy smokers, high red meat consumption and low adherence to a Mediterranean diet are associated with increased risk of lung cancer.

Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in the Pakistani Population

“…Some of previous studies have also reported this a causative variable (Alavanja et al, 2001;Lam et al, 2009;Yang et al, 2012;Gnagnarella et al, 2013), but OR values was much lower as compared to present study. Per capita Red meat consumption in Pakistan is higher than its neighboring countries like India and Afghanistan.…”

Index-based dietary patterns and risk of lung cancer in the NIH–AARP diet and health study

“…12 All other studies of dietary patterns and lung cancer risk used data-driven methods. When principal components analysis was used to identify a 'prudent' or healthy diet pattern (characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, lean meats, whole grains and antioxidants), a reduced risk of lung cancer was observed for heavy smokers in an Italian cohort, 13 men in the Netherlands Cohort Study, 18 a US case-control study of never smokers 14 and several case-control analyses from Uruguay.…”

“…10 Examining dietary patterns considers that individual dietary components can be highly correlated or have synergistic or antagonistic biologic interactions that produce associations with disease risk that cannot be captured by studying a single food or nutrient. 11 In previous studies of dietary patterns and lung cancer risk, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] all but one study 12 used data-driven approaches, such as factor analysis, which create dietary groupings that are unique to each study and do not allow for comparison across studies. An alternative approach is to use indices to define patterns a priori, based on dietary guidelines or recommendations, which can be used to compare diet quality across study populations.…”

The Associations of Selected Lifestyle Patterns and Lung Cancer Risk: An Evidence-based Update

“…In contrast, the group observed no association between fried meat consumption and LC risk of non-adrenocarcinoma, especially among subjects who never smoked. Another recent prospective study (4,336 heavy smokers, among them 178 cases) also reported increased LC risk by 73% for frequent red meat intake (Gnagnarella et al, 2013a). Further, the group showed a 44% significant decrease in the risk (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.31-0.99) for one or more cups of tea consumed daily compared to non-tea consumers and a 90% risk reduction for a Mediterranean-style diet (HR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01-0.7).…”

“…Some studies have presented the benefits of regular physical activity of moderate intensity (Buffart et al, 2014;Emaus, Thune, 2011;Mao et al, 2003), obesity (Thun et al, 2008), and fruit and vegetable consumption (Bunn Jr., 2012;Butler et al, 2013;Ruiz, Hernández, 2014). Others have reported significant or non-significant higher risk of LC associated with consumption of animal fats, red meat, and processed meat (Gnagnarella et al, 2013a;Gnagnarella et al, 2013b;Lam et al, 2009), and alcohol consumption (Korte et al, 2002). However, some research findings on the association of lifestyle determinants with LC require further examination of the current evidence.…”